ON THE INDIVIDUAL AND POPULATION ADVANTAGE

For personal and population about the benefits of individual and population benefits is speculate, because compromise is somewhere ... therebetween.

Two versions of the nematode C. elegans, used in the experimental verification of the hypothesis of harmful and beneficial alleles. (Photo by Ivo Chelo / Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia.)

More than 90 years ago, the famous British biologist JBS Haldane suggested that the individual benefit and harm of mutations may not be very different from each other at the level of the general population - and this, in particular, indicated that the fate of the new allele (gene variant) can not be predicted, and even increasing the chances of an individual to survive and leave offspring, in most cases, it may simply disappear from the population. This theory was included in population genetics, research on the adaptation of species to new conditions, based on such behavior alleles. However, no experimental evidence that hitherto were not.

Such an experiment has succeeded in placing scientists from the Institute Gulbenkian Foundation (Portugal). Ivo Chelo and his colleagues used the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, which is, first, breed predominantly self-fertilization, that is the fate of a particular allele in certain conditions it is very easy to follow, and secondly, it multiplies very quickly, which allows us to trace the fate of the allele For several generations.

For a start, researchers collected specimens from the same favorable or unfavorable mutation (with a favorable or unfavorable variant allele) and two or five of them ran into a population of normal worms. As expected, the more advanced exerted individuals in the population, the smaller the likelihood of extinction favorable allele. And for harmful mutation probability of scrubbing of the population was, of course, higher.

However, this does not mean that a favorable mutation in the population had the undisputed advantage and became dominant: As the researchers write in Nature Communications, for generations less fit individuals in the population with a high frequency, and it was the higher, the smaller the population. That is, in the first phase of its appearance auspicious sign and were unfavorable to some extent, are equal, as predicted by the theory of Haldane's plus for the population may be indistinguishable from the minus. That is, at the sign of auspiciousness is unchallenged, and with it most individuals survive and thrive, but the ease of this should not be a mandatory fixing of such a trait in the population - as well as from disadvantaged should not be mandatory washout feature, at least in the initial stages of its formation .

The researchers then tried to estimate the probability that a favorable sign to get all the individuals in the population. To do this, they repeated the experiment with the initial invasion allele, but the second time the number of nematodes thrown into the box with a welcome sign was already much higher - as if a favorable sign is entrenched in the population. And here it was found that the fate of the allele, whether favorable or unfavorable, depending on its frequency.

If the frequency is greater than 5%, it was perceived as malicious population and washed out. If, however, its frequency was below 5%, the allele was regarded as useful. And it does not depend on how it was at the level of the individual harmed or benefited him.

That is, the genetic diversity of the population appeared as a dynamic system in which it was impossible to accurately predict the fate of a particular allele, and even more so it was impossible to count on the fact that a particular allele will capture the entire population. Most likely, says Ivo Chelo, the relationship between individuals and the environment is so diverse that it is impossible for the individual use of mutations to judge its benefits for the whole population, especially for generations.

Why this is so, researchers have yet to find out as they only experimentally confirmed the well-known hypothesis of population biology. Also, do not forget that the experiments were carried out on the self-fertilizing worms, that is, the exchange of alleles and their combination with the other during sexual process was not considered in the study.

 in the wake of the Gulbenkian Institute, Shutterstock, compulenta.computerra.ru

Home Births Understood - Environment and labour/delivery

Описание:

Cafe Scientifique - Home Birth Understood: Tales & Truths
Which birth settings are available in Canada, in BC? Is home birth safe? Why do some physicians and midwives disagree about home birth safety? What birth settings offer the best safety, comfort, and birth experience for women? Why?
This Cafe will explore current evidence about home birth safety, potential advantages and disadvantages of home birth on individual and population levels, and barriers to and societal perceptions of home birth in Canada. The speakers will invite participants to examine the evidence, the politics, and public discourse surrounding birth place.

Speakers:
Dr. Patricia Janssen
Associate Professor, Director Master of Public Health Program in the School of Population and Public Health
University of British Columbia

Dr. Karen Buhler
Head of Department of Family Practice
B.C. Women's Hospital

Dr. Brenda Wagner
Obstetrician and Medical Director for Fraser Health and Regional Physician Planning Leader, Vancouver Coastal Health

Moderator:
Saraswathi Vedam
Director of Midwifery
University of British Columbia

Why would a man to grow up, IF THEY DO NOT WANT ANYONE

Why do men grow up, if they do not want anyone Growing up is necessary. And the fact that nobody wants, so it's still in the twelve chairs - the rescue of drowning thing ... That's right, one for all ... in real life does not pass.

It's time to look on the other side of the Great Wall , to gain the spirit and finally pozvroslet.

And it is true that women are not limitless patience.

And no reference to meteozavisimost do not go here.

http://

Women in despair, men can never grow up

Today, most men over the age of twenty are in some intermediate state between adolescence and responsible self-reliance age when a family.

Where are the real men? - Ask the young women. Photo: PhotoXPress

Not long ago, the average American in the third decade passed almost all the major stages of maturation: getting a diploma, sought financial independence, marriage and becoming a father. Today, the majority of young men over the age of twenty are in some intermediate state between adolescence and age of responsible self-reliance. This predvzroslaya life has many benefits, especially for people with higher education. But it's time to announce that long obviously legions of frustrated young women: this life is not the best way affects men, wrote in an article for The Wall Street Journal Haymovits Kay (Kay S. Hymowitz), researcher at the Manhattan Institute.

In the article, she outlined the basic ideas of his new book «Manning Up: How the Rise of Women Has Turned Men Into Boys», which was released on March 1 in the publishing house Basic Books.

It is no exaggeration to say that a large number of independently living unmarried young men and women who have sufficient income to make even hindered chores in the kitchen - a completely new phenomenon in the development of society. Yes, this is nothing new in Western history that young people are not in a hurry to marry, putting it a step closer to 25 years, or even later, yes, more than a century unmarried office worker and bachelor lawyers work independently and find yourself a pastime in the cities. But their numbers and financial resources have always been relatively small.

Today predvzroslye - is another matter, it is a large-scale socio-demographic phenomenon.

The change consists in a radical reversal in the gender hierarchy. Among the predvzroslyh 'championship for women. They are more graduates of higher education institutions (among Americans aged 25 years Bachelor's degree are 34% women and 27% men), they have a higher GPA. According to the majority of teachers, they are more self-confident and determined.

Because of these qualities women under 30 were more likely to go to graduate school or graduate and achieve success at work. In some cities, they even earn more than their male peers.

Where are the real men? - Ask the young women. Among their peers, they are often greeted infantile father's sons, clunky computer geeks or grubby slackers.

Where are these adults? It can be assumed that the whole point of trying 24-year-old graduates continue free life as a student, at the expense of parental generosity. But the reasons are much deeper. Since the 1980s, the economic benefits of higher education (University Prize) began to rise sharply.

Between 1960 and 2000 the percentage of young people who enter the university or graduate school, has more than doubled. In the knowledge economy good jobs accrue to those who have a diploma. And to receive it takes years.

Another reason for the long haul growing - more and more complex and confusing job market. Over the past decades as a result of economic growth and the digital revolution, the higher sector of the labor market - is, in fact, the battle for the most creative, interesting and prestigious positions. Those areas that attract ambitious young men and women, often require several years of education, training, transitions from one position to another - either horizontally or vertically of the professional hierarchy, moving from one city to another in the United States and abroad.

The knowledge economy allows young people to consider the work as something personal. They are interested not only in employment, but in building a career in a field where it is possible to realize their talents and express their most important aspirations. They believe that shapes their career in the personal sense. For today's predvzroslyh question Who do you work for? Is almost synonymous with the question who are you? '.

And the family is rarely included in the picture, commented Haymovits.

Predvzroslost can be compared to the adolescent period, which derives its definition in the mid-20th century, when American teenagers sent from the field and enterprises in high school. For a long time the offspring of poor immigrant families from a young age went to work because the family could not do without additional manpower and additional income. But the country is quite rich, and there were opportunities to improve the level of education of the population and labor force.

Teenagers quickly became a marketing and cultural phenomenon. And formed a special psychological profile of this age group.

Psychologist Erik Erikson described adolescence as an intermediate stage between childhood and adulthood characterized by role confusion, emotional instability, and intrapersonal conflicts.

Like adolescents in the 20th century, today predvzroslym is expected maturity, says Haymovits. Marketing and culture contribute to the spread predvzroslosti as a style of life. Just like teenagers, this class social phenomenon related to a more or less prosperous strata.

Those who do not receive higher education, are unable to compete for more interesting jobs in the knowledge economy.

However, in one important aspect predvzroslye differ from adolescents. They write their biography, and from scratch. Sociologists use the term life script to describe the main events dictated by society and stages of life.

While these scenarios are different in different cultures, in our biological nature of a deeply rooted archetype. The emergence of adolescence did not change the major chapters of the American scenario. Adults are still considered to be the ones who are responsible for solving the main problems of the economy and culture.

For women, the main thing was education of the future generation of men - the protection and material support of his wife and children. Those who perform this scenario, getting older, time-keepers of public order, as long as do not grow old, says Haymovits.

Unlike teenagers predvzroslye do not know what is expected in the next stage. For them, marriage, birth and parenting may be in various forms, or even be missed. In 1970, among Americans aged 25-29 have never been married was only 16%, this proportion is as high today as much as 55%. In the U.S., the average age at first marriage is approaching 30 years (in many European countries, this strap has long passed).

It is no wonder that so many young Americans are experiencing quarter life crisis, a time of depression and anxiety over the future.

1 Tip For Skinny Guys To Build Muscle

Описание:

Skinny guys: do NOT go to the gym until you watch this video!
http://sixpackshortcuts.com/rd39

Hey ya'll! thanks for tuning in today,

Now I know it can seem very difficult to put on weight at times, but I want to assure you that not only is it possible but you can actually do it very quickly. We're going to see some of the challenges that you're are facing and how we can overcome them now and today.

Press play and watch the video, and start applying these easy to follow tips now.

Video Breakdown

0:23
Discussion Topics for lack of weight gain
-Not eating Enough // How we can solve this problem
-Your workouts //

1:14 Not eating enough

OK, the best advice that I can truly give you is that you need to eat more then what you are currently. Now, I don't want to hear,"but I eat so much Mike that it's crazy, Mike you don't understand". The truth of the matter is that you still need to eat more. Your body burns everything in your system so there is usually nothing left to grab on to. You need to make sure your body has something to grab on to.

2:03 Tip #1 // Start eating your favorite foods.

I know they might not be healthy, but I just want you to develop the habit of always putting something in your mouth. Now, once you develop that habit while doing this then you must switch over to getting all of your calories, and nutrients from REAL good foods.

4:07 Tip #2 // Eat dessert

Best time to do so is actually during post workout. The goal is to put on weight and not worry about eating right during your gain phase. when you have finally reached a weight where you feel you are too big. Then cut down a bit on the dessert at that time.

5:34 Tip #3 // Set an alarm for eating

This will create an habit of constant eating. Eat even if your not hungry, the more you eat the bigger you get. But if you get too big, you have reached your goal.

7:56 Tip #4 // Workout!

Also you need to be hitting the gym while consuming all of these calorie. If you don't you will gain mostly fat.

-Train 4 times a week, don't worry about working out everyday. The reason is that your body probably has a very high metabolism so training everyday might not be needed right now.

-Make sure you train Heavy and do compound movements. Compound movement are exercises that uses 2 or more large muscle groups. The reason for his is that it will force the body to create mainly muscles with the extra amount of calories you are consuming.

Make sure you follow these Tips, Now go eat and put that muscle on.

Hope you liked this video! Leave me a comment below letting me know what you thought. I read EVERY comment personally and respond to as many as I can.

And if you're tired of being skinny and you're serious about building muscle, then check out this video now:

http://sixpackshortcuts.com/rd39

In that video I show you the most common mistakes skinny guys make that prevent them from gaining muscle. And I show you what you can do instead to build the ripped, muscular body women love.

If you're tired of being skinny, you NEED to see this:

http://sixpackshortcuts.com/rd39

Train hard,

~Mike

P.S. Use this link to share with your friends on Facebook:
http://youtu.be/S9dfU99VvuQ

METEOPATII

Meteopatii Throughout his life, a man of his body constantly decides adaptive (adaptive) problems. First prinoravlivayas, adjusting or resisting harmful, now increasingly abnormal, disease-causing shock from a different kind of stress.

For such effects are of various kinds and meteorological changes. We, of course, respond to the races and barometric pressure, and changes in temperature and humidity, and even (and here it is as yet little-known) - to change its ionization. And at an excessively positive air ionization many feel sluggish, broken tired exhausted. By the way, this is - the main cause of the so-called fen disease, very often affecting people in Europe, and not only is it one.

But the fen - a warm, moist air.

But with the prevalence of negative air ionization people may experience elation, vigor, energy rush. And in the United States is designed peculiar treatment chambers filled with negatively ionized air, allowing to treat some neurotic disorders including depression (particularly asthenic component). However, long before ionizing lamp Chizhevskogo appeared at us, and now they are commercially available.

Occasionally, without any clear periodicity in the Sun is a kind of explosion, which resulted in the interplanetary space off huge streams of charged particles (it is - solar plasma). And when they reach the magnetic shell of our Earth, it interacts with her, causing her outrage.

Between a quarter and a third of all people on the planet are meteopatami and they apprehend, feel like the approach of most of these magnetic storms (often even for 1-2, and then for 3 days), as well as themselves, the storm.

Especially react strongly to these stress people with various diseases of the cardiovascular system. They may increase blood pressure, poor circulation (especially in the coronary vessels of the heart muscle). And since during magnetic storms (and even at the start of their occurrence), many reduced vital capacity, it is, of course, may exacerbate various lung diseases.

But it is especially sensitive to the natural disasters like the central nervous system. A person can fall ingenuity, attention to deteriorate, it may become slow or even stalled, it is often a heaviness in my head and even headaches, he becomes irritable, and many more, and decreased mood. And all this can occur in healthy people.

Our full health, as you can see, in many respects depends on a considerable number of natural factors. And of course, not only from one of the stars in the sky! Here's why you should be treated with a certain dose of skepticism to the notorious astrological forecasts, predicting good time for all of us (besides wholesale!) Adverse to our health today.

If the short-term (based on a scientific basis) the forecasts we are sufficiently accurate, the accuracy of the long-term forecasts are often low. As, however, and forecasts Earth's magnetic field disturbances caused by explosions on the Sun (according to experts, their accuracy reaches only about 80%).

So judge for yourself - whether you should blindly trust that the most unfavorable forecasts days, galore fill the pages of periodicals and even appearing in television programs? You probably already knew that it is impossible to predict exactly - whether you are in these very days in a painful or simply a weakened state or, on the contrary, will be on the peak of their adaptive capacity.

All of us are subject to certain cyclical fluctuations. For example, along with well-known to all daily, monthly, seasonal and annual variations in the rhythms of life processes are also 6-7-day cycles of change in the rhythm of life of our body (which depend mainly on the periodicity of solar activity). Furthermore, there are 23-day somatic (physical) 28-dnen vye emotional and intellectual 33-day cycles of biological (in which the activity peaks gradually replaced blocked downs).

And during the day several times a day cycles to the mental state of the person and power. If you do not belong to the so-called extreme types of people (owls and larks), the increase in activity (with a decrease in pain sensitivity) begins with you and 9:00 am and from 10 am like average (the most common) a person is in their best sportswear. By 12 o'clock comes a time to mobilize all forces, then, to the hour of the day, begins the decline in activity (the most pronounced from 13.00 to 14.30).

Then, at 15.00, there is a rise of her, followed by an hour should be a gradual decline. From 20.00 speeds up all human responses, from 21.00 exacerbated the so-called part-memory (which, by the way, is used by many students and people of intellectual labor). 22.00 comes with a new general decline - the body begins to prepare itself for sleep.

Else should I know about the so-called psychological mood. Hypochondriac, impressionable, vulnerable, and the more hypochondriacal people, checking their health with the predicted adverse health and wellness days, be sure to feel at least some deterioration in their own well-being! This is in no small part on the mechanisms of self-hypnosis.

From all of this, however, should not lead to the conclusion that it is necessary to completely ignore real detrimental (especially meteoneblagopriyatnye) days.

Prophylaxis

How can protect themselves from the harmful effects on themselves, their health meteokataklizmov, primarily magnetic storms?

The main challenge in combat and combat them is to strengthen the central and autonomic nervous system, as well - the cardiovascular system. And for this purpose should be to adopt some fairly simple techniques:

1. The morning did not start with a hearty breakfast, and on the charge, walking or even jogging.

2. Do not forget the contrast shower or at least a wet grindings for the training of their blood vessels.

3. Especially important is breathing exercises. .

4. Must complete exclusion of alcoholic beverages and a minimum of restrictions on smoking.

5. It should adhere to the principles of good nutrition. That means in short: reducing calorie consumption (especially in the midst of 'natural disasters') of food to 1/4-1/3 of the normal daily diet (with an increase in its admission to 4 - 6 times a day). Calorie reduction should be achieved by limiting the consumption of meat and animal fats.

6. All kinds of good tempering!

7. And of course, you must use all known you exercise and mental self-control skills and techniques bioenergizatsii.

Sample menu for meteoneblagopriyatny day:

BREAKFAST - oatmeal (preferably water) porridge.

SECOND BREAKFAST - 2 apples or plums or saucer 1-2 bananas (which, incidentally, is a good antidepressant, along with citrus improves mood, increases energy potential, and if blood pressure rises, then to some extent, align it).

Lunch - salad with vegetables, milk, or (even better) vegetable soup, boiled meat (better - birds) with herbs, and vegetables, and fruit, or (better) vegetable juice.

DINNER - boiled fish or cottage cheese casserole and tea (with severe weakness and can be tough).

FOR UP TO 2 HOURS OF SLEEP - a glass of kefir (biokefir), yogurt or broth hips.

Especially recommended in meteoneblagopriyatnye days included in the diet cabbage containing essential enzymes, vitamins, minerals, amino acids, as well as special bactericidal (ie, anti-microbial) substance - lysozyme.