Acetylsalicylic acid and disease soaked feet
Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) - the most-used drug in the world.
More than three centuries ago, one of the British noticed that willow grows as a whole in the water. Its roots are selected moist soil, and the branches bent over the water. If so, he decided that it should be useful to all willow disease sodden feet, sezonozavisimostyu, meteozavisimosti, and no mistake.
A century later, the priest Stone, all of the same Great Britain, became interested in extreme bitterness of willow bark, similar to the bitter bark of the cinchona tree, is used in the treatment of malarial fever, and suggested that it should have the same effect. In a letter to the president of the Royal Society, dated 25 April 1763., He wrote: In England, the tree grows, the bark of which, as I learned from experience, is strongly astringent and is very effective for the treatment of fever and other diseases associated with recurrent bouts of fever . Later, he justified the use of infusion of willow bark in diseases accompanied by fever.
It took more than half a century, began to study the active ingredient of willow bark. In 1829, the French pharmacist Leroux received from her crystalline substance called salicin (from Lat. Salix - willow). Ten years later, the Italian scientist Piria transformed by chemical reactions in salicin salicylic acid.
So was the open road industrial production and the practical use of salicylic acid products. Its toxicity has led to further investigations, culminating in the discovery of aspirin.
According to one legend, the ASA opened Hoffman, who wanted very much to help his father, who suffered from arthritis and does not tolerate the drugs salicylic acid due to chronic severe stomach irritation. ASA effectively helped her father Hoffmann in much smaller than salicylic acid, doses that do not have a pronounced irritant effect on the stomach and also appeared to be more pleasant to the taste.
According to another legend, which has a greater right to life, the ASA opened one of the largest chemical scientists, the author of 47 inventions Eichengreen. Hoffman was also a member of the laboratory Eichengreen, worked strictly in accordance with his instructions. Note that he never informed Hoffman, who made this discovery and to whom it belongs.
All details of the investigation stories told to the world opening ASA Scottish explorer and historian of pharmacology Glasgow Snyder, in the December issue of British Medical Journal in 2000 in the investigation of Snyder and the waves that arose around him, something not very decently looked and behaved the company Bayer, which worked Eichengreen and Hoffman. Passion is truly worthy of the most salicylic acid!
ASA as a drug just a little more than 100 years. During its existence, it has firmly won a reputation not only as a highly effective and reliable, but also affordable medication that does not require the purchase over the counter.
Name another such drug that is known to all, from young to old. It is unlikely that you will succeed. Perhaps fellow physicians it will be interesting to know that even Armstrong in 1969 to grab it with him to the moon.
According to statistics, in the United States annually produce 12,000 tons or 50 billion tablets of aspirin. Various pharmaceutical companies in the world produces more than 60 aspirin tablet formulations. In the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine is 10 manufacturing companies, offering 21 ASA registration form for use in cardiology (in doses of 75-150 mg).
In explaining the nature of the clinical effectiveness of aspirin as an anti-inflammatory much of the credit belongs to the Nobel laureate, British pharmacologist, the youngest son of a descendant of Russian immigrants Veen, who showed in 1971 that its action is realized through the blockade of inflammatory prostaglandin synthesis through inhibition of cyclooxygenase properties. This hypothesis is explained and its side effects, the most serious of which is associated with deleterious effects on the stomach wall and the possibility of acute ulcers with all the ensuing consequences.
As a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent than ASA has anti-inflammatory and analgesic antipyretic action. The first is associated with inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and release of exo-blockade (with the infectious nature of inflammation) and endogenous (with the autoimmune nature of inflammation) pyrogens. As a result, restored thermoregulation due to reflex vasodilatation of the skin and increase heat to lower body temperature.
The second is due to the suppression of the exudative phase of inflammation due to inhibition of synthesis and release of inflammatory mediators that increase vascular permeability, as well as by reducing the synthesis of ATP and reduce the energy supply of the underlying processes. At the heart of the third act is associated with suppression of the synthesis of prostaglandins decrease sensitivity to pain, and possibly inhibition of pain impulses along nerve pathways rising, mainly at the level of the spinal cord.
Later it was shown that ASA has also other pharmacodynamic and related clinical effects when used to provide positive or multiples thereof, in addition to anti-inflammatory, the effect on human health.
Thus, it appears that ASA has antiplatelet effects, resulting in improved rheological properties of blood and decreases the likelihood of intravascular blood clots. It also has an inhibitory effect on the formation of atherogenic lipoproteins and stimulates metabolism. And has an antitumor effect by inhibiting cell proliferation.
These discoveries, according to experts, were given a second breath of old drugs.
At the heart of the antiplatelet effect of aspirin is its ability to irreversibly inhibit platelet cyclooxygenase and reduce the formation of thromboxane A2, reducing the ability of platelets to aggregate the entire period of their lives, is about 10 days. This effect is achieved with low doses (75-350 mg / day), aspirin which 4 or more times less than those required to achieve the anti-inflammatory action.
Today, ASA has become one of the key drugs used in primary and secondary prevention of myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular events of ischemic, thrombotic and thromboembolic diseases such as peripheral arterial atherosclerosis, including the following operations on the heart and blood vessels, and coronary artery bypass surgery, other conditions.
Complete Removal Of CALLUS in foot - IDEAL Treatment, Surgery. Watch out How to Remove-
This 37 year lady came to us with complain of pain while walking and hard swelling in her left heel area. On examination a callus on her left heel diagnosed. Surgical excision planned under local anaesthesia. For better dissection, Blade No -- 11 is used.
At the junction of callus and normal tissue which can be felt clearly by palpation, the knife is introduced in an oblique fashion. While dissecting one can feel by the smooth movement of knife edge at the edge of callus. After complete removal watch the callus, its shape and the cavity to ensure complete removal
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Just scrape the edge of the cavity to make it smoother for better healing.
Pressure dressing is necessary and rest to the part for one day.
With proper dressing and wound care this wound heals in a span of 7 to 10 days.
Discussion-
What is a callus -- callus is formed on any surface of skin that is exposed to pressure or friction for prolonged period. Callus can form on any part of body as a result of constant grinding pressure.
It often formed in foot at pressure areas but can occur in hand, fingers.
Often develop in middle fingers of dominant writing hand of writers, musicians playing violin, guitar.
What is a corn -- It's a special form of callus with dead tissue in thin skin surface of dorsal surface of toes, fingers.
Prevention of callus formation -- reducing pressure and friction will prevent callus formation.
This is done by use of properly fitted footwear, use of gloves, protective pads, rings and skin dressings,
Keratocytic agents like salicylic acid can be used of dissolve of callus but with limited result.
Surgical complete callus removal is the definitive treatment.
