In search of the ultimate truth that we should strive to
Physicists have come up with many names for its attempts to unite our understanding of nature under one banner. For some it is the holy grail of their discipline. And there are only a few leaps of faith that they will not do to achieve a similar result, namely, matter is composed of tiny vibrating strings, extra dimensions of space exist beyond the three already known, and time and space on closer inspection turn out to be smooth and continuous, a rough and pixelated.
Search for other similar joint physics hunt for great white whale is an elusive and perhaps even non-existent persecution. Today, search unification of all, in my opinion, can be very counterproductive, - emphasizes theoretical physicist Carlo Rovelli (Carlo Rovelli) from the Centre for Theoretical Physics (Centre for Theoretical Physics) in Marseille, France. Helge Kragh (Helge Kragh), historian of physics at the University of Aarhus (Aarhus University), Denmark, is a more fundamental problem: even if we were actually able to find a new candidate, and our brains are prepared for a complete understanding of such a theory, who can say that this is the end of the road.
We have no way of knowing whether it will be the final theory, - he said. In the meantime, the existing theories of nature, even though they are far from perfect, doing a great job in supporting technological innovations that improve our lives. Now is the time to ask the question: what is the theory of everything?
Unification is the driving force in physics, at least since the time of Newton. To casual observers of the sky 1660s movement of the heavenly bodies is a big puzzle. Why some stars are in one place during the day and at night, while others move in the dark. In Newton, who studied the problem in his home in a remote part of Lincolnshire during the Great Plague was at this point a little idea.
The force that causes the planets and the stars move in space, is the same force that causes objects to fall down on the earth. This is a universal force that exists between the two bodies, which depends only on the mass and the distance between them. If you understand this, it becomes clear how the planets that are close to the earth, different move through the heavens, depending on the gravity of the sun, while the distant stars remain fixed relative to each other.
Guess Newton has brought together the celestial and terrestrial areas that were previously considered incompatible. Its clear set of universally valid equations allowed to create a template for future generations of physicists and engineers made it possible to calculate all the known forces and torques, which contributed to the creation of machines during the Industrial Revolution.
Fast forward 200 years into the future, when James Maxwell (James Clerk Maxwell) made a similar revolutionary act of unification. In 1860 he proved that electricity and magnetism are two faces of the same forces - electromagnetism. Thus, combining a set of Maxwell's equations showed that light is a form of electromagnetic radiation, and this discovery was the beginning of the century of electricity, in which we now live, and where we have the opportunity to enjoy everything - from the radio to the smartphone.
Unity - the power
Today's theory of everything are going to continue on this path. At present, we believe that all physical phenomena can be explained by the action of the four fundamental forces. There is gravity, the force of attraction between objects that have mass, which was described by Newton, Maxwell and electromagnetism, the interaction between bodies with electric charges. Electromagnetism is responsible for the contact force.
This explains, for example, why, in spite of the gravity, you do not fall through the chair on which you sit. Two other forces govern the processes occurring on the subatomic level: the strong nuclear force holds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus of an atom, while the weak nuclear forces govern such things as radioactive decay. Theory only would show that all four of these forces actually represent the same thing but in a hidden state.
In 1967, a century after Maxwell theorists Steven Weinberg (Steven Weinberg), Abdus Salam (Abdus Salam) and Sheldon Glashow (Sheldon Glashow) have taken the first step in this direction. They have shown that at very high energies, which were last shown themselves in the first trillionth of a second of the universe, the electromagnetic force and the weak nuclear forces joined together and formed a weak electrical power. Although no one has yet convincingly able to combine a strong nuclear force with a weak electric, these two forces work well together in the form of a standard model to explain how elementary particles made of quarks interact with the Higgs bosons.
Wormhole - wormholes
Gravity, however, continues to be a problem child. To date, the best explanation of this power has been given to the general theory of relativity. It replaces Newton's theory explains how mass bends space and time to produce gravity.
However, the general theory of relativity requires a smooth space-time that conflicts with the probability roughness necessary for such quantum forces as weak electrical force and the strong nuclear force. The result is a set of equations for very small phenomena, such as the interaction between the particles, as well as another set for very big things - such as stars and galaxies.
So what happens when the big meets for less? There is only one nature, and therefore, presumably, it forms a single whole - emphasizes Matt Strassler (Matt Strassler) from Harvard University. - Of course there will be times when you want to use two sets of equations simultaneously, and then you run into contradictions.
Take, for example, black holes at their center have a lot of stars, compressed into a small space. Or conditions that existed at the beginning, when the entire mass of the universe and all the energy is focused into an infinitely small point. What is the theory, big or small, manage their behavior?
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