You can download and life is not a life without viruses, and life is not a life - it's not just about the water, but the air and the other, and there is no conceivable, oceans. If life is born and an even more basic level, free of viruses it does not last.
Viruses are usually associated with agents of dangerous infections. But in the ocean, they perform a very important function, without which all life on the planet would not have been possible.
Word of bacteria usually do not cause people to unambiguously negative feelings - because pathogenic bacteria that cause disease of animals or plants, in the end, not so much, but, say, without the bacterial microflora in the digestive tract of a person simply could not survive, and the proportion of all harmful bacteria endless variety of species is much less than the share of mineral.
Other business - a virus. This word makes anyone sharply negative associations, which, in general, is quite understandable: the virus is always perceived as a pathogen, the infectious agent, the causative agent of some more or less severe disease.
Every second of viruses in the ocean organisms infect 100 sextillion
However, not everything is so simple. Among the viruses of a dangerous pathogen for humans, too small, and their species diversity exceeds the species diversity of bacteria. But if the world of bacteria studied by about 1 percent, then the world of viruses - and even less: at present described only about 5,000 species of viruses, and there they probably several million, and they are ubiquitous.
Over the past few years a great many virus was discovered in the oceans, where it turned out that in this ecosystem they play - without exaggeration - the key role.
Of course, viruses and ocean are death to those organisms that they hit. First of all, this micro - zooplankton, bacteria, unicellular algae. Once inside the host cell, the virus uses its metabolism and genetic system to create multiple copies of itself. Infected by a virus and reprogram cell transforms into a kind of factory for the manufacture and assembly of new viruses. Some time later, the host cell bursts and dies, but new viruses come out and distributed in the water.
Every second, the ocean is no less 10 in 23-degree viral infections.
No viruses ocean ecosystem inhibited
It would seem that this process, repeated many times, should negatively affect the state of the ecosystem. In fact it is not, says a Canadian researcher Sattl Curtis (Curtis Suttle), Professor of Biology University of British Columbia in Vancouver, who heads the Laboratory of Virology and Microbiology of the sea: We were very surprised that if you remove the virus from your system, then it comes the stagnation and other marine organisms fail to grow and multiply. That is, the effect is opposite to the expected.
The logic seems to be saying the virus is death, and more viruses, the more death, less than a virus, the more life - prodlolzhaet Sattl. - But the point is that the death of the microorganism as a result of a viral infection accompanied by rupture of its membrane, and the contents of this single-cell falls into the water, where is the food to other organisms. Viruses carried kind recovery, reclamation and reuse of the nutrients that is one of the main wheels in the mechanism which drives the ecosystem. No other viruses wheels would spin more slowly.
The viruses in the ocean accelerate the production of oxygen
But this means that viruses perform a vital function for the life beyond the seas - function whose value is difficult to overestimate. Professor Sattl explains: Many people do not know what the ocean microorganisms produce half of the oxygen on the planet. A virus by killing every day about 20 percent of the living biomass in the ocean, thereby supplying nutrients to new organisms.
Living in single-celled ocean, though they are so small that they are almost naked eye and can not see, make up a large part of the total mass of all living creatures on our planet. This marine plankton can be divided into two large groups.
The first group - small free-swimming algae. Like other plants, they absorb carbon dioxide and water from the surrounding environment and due to the energy of sunlight synthesized simple sugars releasing oxygen into the environment. Carbon dioxide and water in the ocean are present in excess, but the growth and reproduction of algae and more necessary amino acids, proteins, pigments, etc., but the necessary elements for their synthesis - sulfur, nitrogen, iron, phosphorus - are often deficient.
The second group - the microorganisms that are capable of photosynthesis and forced - as well as the higher animals, including humans - to eat other organisms to get the necessary organic matter. Thus they absorb more nitrogen, iron and phosphorus than they need, and therefore emit surplus environment where these elements demand algae.
Ocean fertilization iron sulphate - a bad idea
Death caused by viruses of marine microorganisms accelerates this cycle, says Professor Sattl: Most of the carbon is poorly assimilation because it is enclosed in the cell membrane, and it is quite resistant material. And, for example, nitrogen and phosphorus are part of the protein and DNA, these compounds split easier. Therefore, when a virus kills the cell, other microorganisms quickly absorb nitrogen and phosphorus, and carbon is slowly immersed in depth.
Unfortunately the details of this mechanism are not well understood.
Together with colleagues from other research institutions, we are working to improve existing models, so that they better take into account the factor of viruses - said Canadian researcher. - We are trying to understand what are the global implications of these processes, and to predict how they will change the interference current balance on the planet.
Not an idle question, given that some hotheads among scientists have long offered a very drastic measures to combat climate change. This includes, in particular, the idea of entering into the ocean sulphate of iron as a fertilizer to stimulate the growth of algae, which absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Already have even made the corresponding experiments.
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