Osteoporosis # 8212; skeleton and bones of the skeleton
Yabluchansky NI, Lysenko NV Osteoporosis, Kharkov, 2011.
Table of contents:
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a silent epidemic
Definition and understanding of osteoporosis
On the road to osteoporosis as a clinical problem
The epidemiology of osteoporosis
Social and economic importance of osteoporosis
Osteoporosis - the skeleton and bones of the skeleton
The nature and mechanisms of osteoporosis
Classification of osteoporosis
Osteoporosis Clinic
Diagnosis of Osteoporosis
Treatment and prevention of osteoporosis
The book detailed information about osteoporosis? on the definition, epidemiology, risk factors, etiology and underlying mechanisms to the clinic, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, prevention, and medical and social expertise.
For physicians, general practitioners, family doctors, orthopedic trauma surgeons, obstetricians and gynecologists, periatrov, other physicians, medical students of universities.
6. Osteoporosis. The skeleton and bones of the skeleton
Skeleton
Human Skeleton - passive part of his musculoskeletal system, formed by a complex of bones and joints. The skeleton form the bones of the skull, spine and thorax (axial skeleton), upper and lower extremities with the shoulder and pelvic girdles (extension skeleton).
Skeleton adult human consists of more than 200 and has a bone mass in men and about 10 kg for women - 7 kg. The bones of the skeleton are arranged so as to best carry out their functions.
Flexible connection of most bones to each other is provided by the so-called ligaments, which gives the flexibility of the skeleton and the large number of degrees of freedom of movement. Compounds with limited mobility or polusustavami called symphysis, and discontinuous (synovial) connections - joints.
Skeleton in addition to his education movement function is the support and protection for organs and tissues. The bones of the skeleton are involved in mineral metabolism. As an aside, inorganic substances, they are important for maintaining the balance of calcium in the blood and other tissues.
Bone marrow is a supplier of colony-forming cells to the whole system of connective tissue, including blood, immune system, bones and joints of the skeleton, etc.
The skeleton is formed, growing and updated throughout life. By the time of birth of many of the bones still consist of cartilage.
Skull. Distinguish between the brain and the front of the skull. Cerebral skull is formed by the occipital, frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, the two temporal and two parietal bones. Facial skull consists of six pairs of bones (the upper jaw, the lower turbinate, lacrimal, nasal, palatine and zygomatic bone) and three unpaired (lower jaw, hyoid bone, Coulter).
The bones are connected with each other by means of seams and virtually immobile. The lower jaw connects to the skull joint and provides the act of chewing.
The upper section of the cranial formed parietal bones and scales of the frontal, occipital and temporal bones. It is called the vault or roof of the skull. The bones of the skull are flat.
Lower part of the cranial formed by the frontal, occipital, temporal and sphenoid bone, called the base of the skull.
Spine is the basis of the skeleton. He oobespechivaet posture, is the support for the tissues and organs involved in the formation of the walls of the thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities.
The design of the spine gives it flexibility and agility, the ability to withstand considerable physical strain, equal in magnitude is 18 times thicker concrete pole.
The spinal column consists of 33-34 vertebrae and is divided into cervical (7 vertebrae), thoracic (12 vertebrae) and lumbar (5 vertebrae), sacral (5 vertebrae), and coccyx (4-5 vertebrae) departments. It has 4 bending cervical and lumbar (lordosis) is convex forward, thoracic and sacral (kyphosis) - back.
Each vertebra consists of a body, arc and shoots off of it. Between the vertebral body and the arc is a hole, with imposition of the vertebrae to each other openings form the spinal canal - a receptacle for the spinal cord.
The lower vertebrae in the spinal column, so they are more massive sacral vertebrae merged into the sacrum.
Skeleton of the upper limbs consists of the shoulder girdle and the free extremities of hands. The shoulder belt is formed by the shoulder blades and collarbones. The clavicle is connected to one end of the sternum and the other - with a shovel. Free limb skeleton consists of shoulder, forearm and hand.
Shoulder formed tubular upper arm connecting to the blade through the shoulder joint. The forearm consists of ulna and radius bones. Both of them, together with the upper arm form a complex elbow, and on the wrist bones - wrist joint. Brush consists of eight carpal bones arranged in two rows of five seeds Piast forming palm, and fourteen phalanges.
The thumb has two phalanges, all the rest - three.
Thorax formed by the thoracic spine, ribs,
costal cartilage and the sternum. The sternum is a long flat-shaped cancellous bone, closing the chest in front. The ribs are also long spongy bone of flat shape, curving in two planes.
The skeleton of the lower limbs skeleton is formed by the pelvic girdle and lower limb skeleton. The skeleton includes a pair of pelvic girdle pelvic bone, consisting of three fused ilium, ischium and pubic bones, and sacrum.
skull bones
cranial and facial bones of the skull, it is a very good studying material for human anatomy students. I got it from my professor as an extra learning material
