Dizreguliruyuschie influence of climatic factors and the ability to withstand them, ME Malyarenko, AT Bulls, TN Malyarenko, MV Shmaliy,
AA Kornienko, AV Matyukhov
FSI Central Clinical sanatorium. Dzerzhinsky, Sochi
Sochi State University for Tourism and Recreation, Russia
Analysis of the literature in recent years with regard to the increasing deterioration of climatic conditions has demonstrated the need to move away from traditional approaches in the prevention of conditions caused by them to the system integrative activities to improve the sustainability of the human body to changes in the environment. In particular, it should enhance the adaptive capacity of the organism through the optimization of the main indicators of quality of health - sleep, physical activity, nutrition, Endoecology.
Keywords: climate, health.
Climatic factors, while a certain extent, have the ability to restore the broken body functions. However, weather and climatic conditions can go beyond that and wear for the body system damaging nature. In recent decades, this trend is increasing, and the importance of the designated problem is growing.
The influence of the temperature factor.
The temperature factor, which is an important component of the climate is undergoing in recent decades, the most pronounced changes. According to NASA, the surface of the Earth over the past 100 years, warmed by more than 0,8 ° C, of which the last 30 years - 0,6 ° C, ie, warming of the Earth's surface is the acceleration [19]. With a warming associated heavy, often extreme, weather conditions. One reason is the increasing warming that is currently in the atmosphere three times more carbon dioxide than is able to absorb nature.
According to the forecasts for the XXI century, the temperature of the Earth's surface due to the accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere will increase by 1,1-6,4 ° C. Ill-conceived human activities - burning in huge volumes of fuel, thus releasing CO2, and the annual forest fires and peat fires, the melting of glaciers and the decrease as a result of the reflectivity of the Earth lead to a delay of heat in the atmosphere. The causes of global warming have begun to attribute the destruction of important cooling of the Earth - wetlands, forests and a dramatic reduction in the increase of deserts, increasing ocean temperatures, volcanic activity and other factors of a natural origin. Thus, an excess of CO2 leads to the greenhouse effect and warming, and warming - to the excess CO2. Since carbon dioxide is stored for a long time in the atmosphere, further warming over time is inevitable, even if urgent measures are taken to mitigate human impacts. [15]
In Russia in the last 100 years, the most pronounced increase in mean annual temperature (3.5? C) occurred in Eastern Siberia, the Amur and Primorye. By the middle of the twenty-first century is expected to significantly increase the average annual air temperature for 3-4?
C in Western Siberia, the 2-3? C - in the north-east of European Russia, Yakutia and along the Arctic coast. [3]
Joint research of Russian and Japanese scientists have shown that the temperature of the permafrost in Russia is growing steadily. Thus, in the period from 2004 to 2006, the temperature in the three-meter layer of permafrost depth changed from minus 2.8? C to -1.5? C (warming was 1.3? C!).
It is predicted that thawing permafrost will release huge amounts of methane, which is twenty times greater than carbon dioxide in their ability to create a greenhouse effect. If we take into account that the area of permafrost in Russia is about 65% of its territory, the consequences can be catastrophic warming. [7]
The unusually hot weather, especially in the case of the temperate regions, leading to an increase in morbidity and deaths, as the population of these regions are often perplexed to sudden changes in weather conditions. For example, in Toronto for 50 years in the afternoons with the dependence of mortality on the weather. Mortality rate reached the highest values in July and August with the largest number of very hot days, the risk of death was higher, the longer the heat episodes. Found that the physiological response of the human body in hyperthermia significantly dependent on factors such as humidity. Under the conditions of low humidity, the leading response, leading-ing to the improvement of the functional condition of the person is the intensification of sweating, in conditions of high humidity that does not happen, and the only physiological mechanism of protection remains the reduction of endogenous heat production to the redistribution of blood flow to the more intense heat removal from the CNS.
At the level of the biochemical processes of protective mechanisms may be associated with neutralization resulting in hyperthermia endotoxic metabolites (lipid peroxides, free radicals, ammonia, etc.) and the stabilization of cellular and subcellular membranes, primarily mitochondrial. Of particular concern are in poor heat transfer combined effect on the body heat, high humidity, long and intense muscular stress. Even in well-trained athletes, marathon runners at the finish may occur catastrophic disturbances in the body.
Extreme weather changes and fatal heat waves lead to a variety of consequences: a prolonged drought, brining farmland and drinking water, the spread of infectious diseases, not only in human populations, but also among animals. All this, of course, affect the human food resources.
If, however, until recently, many scientists, especially climate scientists, the warming anthropogenic factors are considered, at the present time, this process is often associated with solar activity.
As you know, the city is now the dominant human habitat with the ever-increasing pressure from exogenous to its population. Tall buildings affect the influx of solar radiation, air circulation and convection completely different than the fields and forests. Concrete of city streets and buildings conducts heat about three times faster than the soil. Therefore the city absorbs more heat and makes it faster than the sparsely populated countryside. In addition, tall buildings act as vetrolomy: the normal circulation of air is broken, it is enhanced turbulent mixing.
Many city buildings themselves are a source of heat to the atmosphere (mostly heat absorbed by buildings during the period of the arrival of high solar radiation, or when the evening begins radiative cooling). In urban air contains many contaminants that are not found in the suburbs and rural areas. Solid particles are to some extent reflect the sun's rays and thus affect the influx of solar radiation in the city. However, this does not compensate for the reflection of the effect of other reasons listed above, causing the accumulation of heat in the central part of the city.
Furthermore, these impurities interfere with the normal heat transfer of the atmosphere.
