The three principal ways of lie detection in every joke of a joke, every truth of truth, ...
About the lies so do not say if false, then the full.
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Oldert Fry: False. Three ways to detect. How to read the thoughts of a liar.
How to fool a polygraph.
Oldert Fry (born 1960) has served as a teacher of the course Applied Social Psychology in the Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth. He has published many papers on the subject of fraud, particularly relating to the relationship between nonverbal behavior and deception. In recent studies, it also addresses the content of the speech and deception.
During the period of his research, he has received several research grants. His current work is devoted to the study of the behavior of suspects during police interrogations, funded by the Economic and Social Research, and his study of the relationship between the content of the speech and deceit is also sponsored by the Council for Economic and Social Research Council and the Leverhulme Trust. Oldert Fry received judicial recognition as a witness forensics.
Acknowledgements
I express my gratitude to Professor Tony Gale, Professor Gunther Kenkenu, Professor Ray Bull and Samantha Mann for their helpful comments on drafts of this book.
I would also like to thank those organizations that financed my many years of research, and in particular the Dutch organization of scientific research (NWO), the Netherlands Ministry of Justice, Leverhulme Trust, the Council for Economic and Social Research and the University of Portsmouth. Without this financial support I would not have to finish my studies and would not have written this book. Much of my research was attended by police officers.
I appreciate their willingness to participate in this work and would like to thank the various police departments in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, for permission to involve their employees. Finally, I am grateful to the publisher «John Wiley Sons» for giving me the opportunity to publish this book.
Foreword
In 1997, Jonathan Aitken, representing at that time the British Conservative Party, was accused by the British newspaper The Guardian as well as TV station Granada Television is that in 1993, being in the position of Minister of Defense, he stayed in a Paris hotel Ritz the means of a businessman from Saudi Arabia. Aitken denied the allegations and filed a lawsuit against the Guardian and Granada Television for libel. Is the accusation was false, or he lied Aitken?
Basically, there are three ways to recognize a lie. The first of these is to observe non-verbal behavior (their gestures, the presence or absence of a smile, gaze aversion, high voice, speed of speech, stuttering, etc.). The second method is to analyze the content of speech, in other words, the analysis of what was said.
The third method is the study of physiological responses (blood pressure, pulse rate, sweating hands, etc.).
This book describes all the three aspects of lie detection. In particular, it focuses on two questions in it. First, whether there are systematic differences between individuals that tell true and false information in respect of their non-verbal behavior, speech content and psychological reactions?
And secondly, the extent to which observers are able to recognize deception when they analyze individual forms of non-verbal behavior, the content of the speech and psychological reactions?
The first part of the book focuses on the relationship between nonverbal behavior and deception. Chapter 2 will discuss the typical forms of nonverbal behavior exhibited by liars. It will also discuss an example of how the suspect, later accused of murder on the basis of evidence, acted on police interviews during which he denied any involvement in the crime. The material in this chapter demonstrate that the relationship between deception and non-verbal behavior is complex because different types of individuals show different behaviors when they are lying. Moreover, the behavior liar depends on the situation which occurs lie.
Chapter 3 discusses how accurate observation untrained amateurs and professional investigators (eg, police officers and customs) in terms of recognition lies in the evaluation of human behavior. The ability of people to recognize deception when assessing individual behavior in general are low, in addition, there are a number of misconceptions prevalent among untrained people and professionals on how to behave normally liars.
The second part of the book focuses on what it said are liars. Early studies of this issue were not sufficiently systematic, but in the course of them were able to shed light on the verbal indicators of deception. These early studies are discussed in Chapter 4. Systematic studies of the relationship between deception and verbal behavior is a relatively new field, which was started about ten years ago.
German forensic psychologist Undoych Udo (Udo Undeutsch) described several meaningful criteria to evaluate the credibility of the parties, according to their statements, which were the victims of sexual violence. A method of estimating the reliability of written statements - Assessing the validity of the statements» (Statement Validity Assessment, OMC) - was developed primarily on the basis of work Undoycha. To date, this is the most widely used tool to assess oral statements.
The evaluation results are accepted by the OMC as evidence in a number of U.S. courts, and the courts of the Western European countries such as Germany and the Netherlands. OMC method will be described in Chapter 5. Studies show that the evaluation method of OMC to be a useful tool to carry out the distinction between those that tell the truth and a lie.
However, its results are not as accurate as we would like. The result of attempts to improve this method was recently proposed an alternative method, called Monitoring of reality. This new method is discussed in Chapter 6.
In the final part of the book discusses the physiological responses to deception. Historically, the idea that lying is accompanied by specific physiological activity of the body liar, and has developed several methods for measuring physiological responses. This modern method of analysis of physiological activity of liars using the polygraph, also known as a lie detector (though this name is misleading, as will be discussed in Chapter 7).
in English
British Comedy (1977-1979), ITV Series Mind Your Language. [Ali and Su Li announce that they're getting married, but Mr. Brown discovers that Ali is already married and takes Su Li for his second wife. ]
ITV
