Magic wand or self-replicating research probes of Civilizations High-level development While there are no clear signs of extraterrestrial life, astronomers are not yet seeing the Earth, a short series of arithmetic gently leads to the idea that this is a temporary phenomenon.
The focal area of neighboring systems like Alpha Centauri same may well be the source of the signal that has been looking so SETI. Unless, of course, alien space probes used for communication radio waves or lasers. (Illustration David A Hardy / UKATC.)
Twenty years ago we did not even know if there is a planet outside the solar system, and the current data indicate that only in our galaxy are hundreds of billions, and, obviously, billions of them - this is a relatively low-mass exoplanets in the habitable zone. Given the fact that the galaxies in the universe is clearly more than a billion, it is very difficult to come up with a theory that could convincingly explain why life began on Earth, and only did not appear on the other septillionah such bodies.
Yes, as long as astronomical instruments earthlings are so worthless that we have only recently analyzed the chemical composition of the atmospheres of other planets (and one can not say that the results of this analysis put everything in its place). But traces of extraterrestrial life can look different: not where it originated, and closer to it, in theory, should eventually come to herself.
Mankind has already sent out of the solar system is not a spacecraft, and a more advanced civilization, it is likely able to deploy more durable probes with decent on-board power source and the ability to reproduce through the asteroid material studied kosmorobotami such systems. Can they somehow missed it?
Michel Guillon (Michael Gillon) of the University of Liège (Belgium) is confident that one of the forms of activity such probes of other civilizations completely detectable. Here we recall that other researchers have suggested that using the gravitational lensing of black holes (BH), you can exchange signals over large distances without excessive power of the signal. However, the gravity of ordinary stars, although not as powerful as that of the black hole, also generates gravitational lensing.
Imagine that in the vicinity of the star systems in our bodies revolve around there the hypothetical extraterrestrial probes. They need a way to communicate with those who sent them, or at least with other such probes - to avoid duplication in research.
The sun or another star - is an antenna that is much more powerful than any ever built, - says Mr. Guyon. And to use it to transfer data to another planetary system, the probe will have to be in a plane passing through the nearest to him a star - and a focal plane, in principle, can be observed from a nearby star.
No, of course, a way to detect the probe itself - given that its dimensions are unknown and may be very modest - will not work. However, increasing the transmit signal lights adjacent gravitational lensing, the probe is bound to create a leak for the coherent radiation is hardly possible for the radio and for laser communications.
Of course, this is not a magic wand. We do not know the frequency and range used, that is, observing the focal areas of neighboring systems should be long and multidiapazonnymi (and always will be productive). However, today, this method seems to be the most practical way to identify the von Neumann machines, as they are called, such hypothetical self-replicating research probes, which are expected to start to run any civilization which has left the high level of development.
Try it, definitely worth it, for though the weakness of current telescopes can see traces of VC from distant stars, and they can take a closer look.
in the wake of Acta Astronautica, Universe Today, compulenta.computerra.ru
Tell me where you come from, our Solar System Origin of Life - an exciting topic. Life is a multi-faceted, and it fizicheksaya, and biological, and psychological, and social ... But, above all, life space.
There would solar system ...
Tell me, where have you come, our solar system?
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For two centuries, the problem of the origin of the solar system excites great thinkers of our planet. This problem involved, ranging from the philosopher Kant and Laplace mathematics, a galaxy of astronomers and physicists of the XIX and XX centuries.
And yet we are still quite far from a solution to this problem. But over the past three decades cleared the question of how the evolution of stars. And although the details of the birth of a star nebula of gas and dust is far from clear, astronomy gives a clear idea of what was happening to her over billions of years of further evolution.
Turning to the various cosmogonic hypotheses that succeeded one another over the past two centuries, starting with the hypothesis of the great German philosopher Kant and the theory that a few decades later independently proposed by the French mathematician Laplace. Background of these theories have stood the test of time.
The point of view of Kant and Laplace in a number of important issues differed sharply. Kant came from the evolutionary development of cold dust nebula, in which first emerged a central massive body - the future of the Sun, then the planet, while the Laplace considered the original nebula of gas and very hot with high speed. Contracting under the force of gravity, nebula, due to the law of conservation of angular momentum, spun faster and faster. Due to the high centrifugal forces consistently separated from him the ring.
Then they condense to form planets.
Thus, according to the hypothesis Laplace planets formed before the sun. However, despite the differences, the common and important feature is the idea that the solar system is the result of natural development of the nebula. Therefore, this concept is called Kant-Laplace hypothesis.
However, this theory is faced with the difficulty. Our solar system consists of nine planets of different sizes and masses, has a twist: an unusual distribution of angular momentum between the central body - the Sun and the planets.
Angular momentum is one of the most important characteristics of all isolated from the outside world of the mechanical system. That is how such a system could be considered the Sun and its surrounding planets. Angular momentum can be defined as stock rotation system.
This rotation is the sum of the orbital motion of the planets and the rotation around the axis of the sun and planets.
The lion's share of angular motion of the solar system concentrated in the orbital motion of the giant planets Jupiter and Saturn.
From the point of view of the hypothesis of Laplace, it is unclear. In an era when the initial, rapidly rotating nebula separated ring nebula layers from which then condense said Sun had (per unit mass) is about the same time as the substance exuded the ring (so the angular velocity of the ring, and the remaining parts were about the same) because the mass of the latter was significantly less than the main nebula (proto), the total angular momentum of the ring should be much less than the proto. In the Laplace hypothesis lacks any mechanism for transferring torque from the proto to the ring. Therefore, for all further evolution momentum proto, and then the sun must be much greater than the rings and formed of them planets.
But this conclusion is contrary to the actual distribution of traffic between the Sun and the planets.
For the hypothesis of Laplace, this difficulty was insurmountable.
Let us dwell on the hypothesis Jeans has gained acceptance in the first third of this century. It is completely the opposite of the hypothesis of Kant-Laplace. If the latter draws the formation of planetary systems as the only natural process of evolution from simple to complex, the hypothesis Jeans formation of such systems is a matter of chance.
The original material from which the planets were formed later, was ejected from the Sun (which by that time was already old and similar to the present) with a random passing near him a star. This passage was so close that it can be considered almost as a collision. Due to the tidal forces from the star to the Sun flown from the surface layers of the Sun ejected a jet of gas.
This jet will remain in the field of attraction of the sun and after a star goes from the sun. Then jet condenses and will give rise to planets.
If the hypothesis is correct Jeans, the number of planetary systems formed over ten billion years of evolution, can be counted on the fingers of one hand. But actually many planetary systems, therefore, this hypothesis is untenable. And it does not follow that the jet is ejected from the solar hot gas may condense into planets.
Thus, the cosmological hypothesis Jeans was untenable.
A prominent Soviet scientist Otto Schmidt in 1944 proposed his theory of the origin of the solar system: our planet was formed from the material captured from a gas-dust nebula through which once held the Sun, which took almost already a modern look. However, no difficulties with the rotation of the planets moment did not arise, since the time of the original cloud of matter can be arbitrarily large. Since 1961, this hypothesis developed English cosmogonists Littleton, who really made a significant improvement.
According to both hypotheses almost modern Sun faces a more or less loose space object, capturing part of its substance. Thus, the formation of planets associated with the process of star formation.
http://www.starbolls.narod.ru
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Our Improbable Solar System | Space News
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How old and how stable is our solar system? On this question, astronomers have grown more uncertain year by year. The actual history of the planets could be a far cry from anything we learned in school.
Earth is under the supervision of extraterrestrial civilizations Earth is under the supervision of extraterrestrial civilizations, and mankind has not developed such a technique to detect the device space alien origin. This conclusion rishli scientists from the University of Edinburgh, after a series of mathematical calculations.
The devices are similar in size series devices Voyager, gaining speed of about 30,000 kilometers per second. Journalists in Science publication Market Leader remind us that this is an order of magnitude smaller than the speed of light. Devices travel the galaxy and are accelerated by stellar gravitational slingshots.
Their speed exceeds the speed of the Voyager 100 times.
Stellar slingshot involves the use of gravity of two stars. Launched by NASA in 1977, the Voyager 1 and 2 used the method using the force of attraction of the planets of the sun. Scottish experts believe that, likewise, can be applied to the gravity of the stars.
Scientists have tried to detail the operation of the apparatus, capable of self-replication. Work Forgena Nicholson and published in the International Journal of astrobiological. If the device reaches the clouds of interstellar dust and gas, where there is most stable elements in the periodic system, it can use them as material for self-replication.
The new device will operate on the same principle.
The researchers calculated that at a speed of 30,000 kilometers per second, these devices are able to study every Milky Way star system for 10 million years.
This time period is a small part of the age of our planet
This confirms once again the paradox of Enrico Fermi, who drew attention to the lack of space in the traces of extraterrestrial civilizations. There are several theories explaining this situation. Dr.
Forgen says that the case in the imperfection of technology available to people who are not able to detect extraterrestrial equipment. Scientists suggest that the idea of aliens to enter into contact with beings that are not inferior to them in the scientific development and intelligence.
The question of the existence of extraterrestrial civilizations have always aroused special interest in humanity. Above him are fighting more than one hundred years, and in fact as not only cheated a scientific minds in order to prove that life beyond our planet really exists. However, so far no one in any way meaningful argument that would prove the existence of aliens, and is not there.
However, according to scientists, traces of aliens on Earth is left, as the whole history of our planet has undergone a lot of changes, such as glaciers, floods, the movement of continents or their faults, some continents are left on the ocean floor, others were raised from the bottom.
According to scientists and UFO, aliens visited Earth most of the times of the ancient civilizations, such as in the time of Maya. Experts argue that the Maya had even passed the whole area of higher knowledge of mathematics and astronomy, and some of them they have kept up to date, although do not have their own written language.
This proves, for example, rock painting, which depicts missiles and people in suits, the runways for their aircraft, stone astrological calendars, pyramids for storage of certain information, and more.
How do these figures might appear - does not solve, so scientists believe that this is proof that our ancestors were still-contact with aliens. By assumption, UFO, aliens visited Earth to educate people.
Imagination, and only. But not yet. Jules Verne, Isaac Asimov, ... also fantasized. Their fantasies materialize.
So why not?
in the wake of profi-forex.org
ET's & UFO's Vol 2
Описание:
Date: 05-2013
Biography: Stephen Quayle is the author of five books. For over thirty years, he has been investigating ancient civilizations, giants, UFOs and biological warfare as they relate to the future of mankind. Stephen discusses the coming worst-case scenarios approaching this world and how they interrelate to each other. Earthquakes, volcanoes, nuclear and biological terrorism, coupled with the planned financial meltdown of the U.S. dollar will thrust us into unimagined tribulations. Stephen Quayle is on record as stating that we have moved from the realm of natural threats into the arena of supernaturally guided events of the unseen hand of evil orchestrating world events of unfathomable proportions.
Steve Quayle contends that most citizens in the West are unaware that they've been fed a carefully edited view of the past, tailored to prop up the powers that be and keep humanity ignorant. Comparing common strands in the legends of the North, Central, and South American native cultures, he found evidence for aliens or star people who bred with humans, the presence of stargates or interdimensional portals, and various creatures who have a supernatural aspect such as giants, Sasquatch, and skinwalkers (beings that can change shape or form). Institutions like the Smithsonian have deliberately kept such information from the public, he commented, adding that America's name didn't actually come from a European explorer, but from an Incan ruler, Tupac Amaru (glowing serpent), and their land which mapmakers of the era called Amaraca.
"Even the very name of America, North and South leads to Quetzalcoatl [feathered serpent god]...the giant who came from the East who settled Mesoamerica," according to the Aztecs, Quayle remarked. "We're talking about entities that could transform themselves into different shapes, i.e. fallen angels-- Virococha is who the Mayans worshiped in the same manner as Quetzalcoatl," he added. He also cited the term "nephilism" to describe the fallen angels who mated with Earth women to produce giants. What perhaps pioneering researchers such as Zecharia Sitchin and Erich von Daniken missed is that the ancient astronauts or Annunaki were actually the Nephilim or fallen angels, described in the Bible, he argued.
Many Native Americans have reported seeing portals opening before their eyes, and their oral histories detail a race of giants who were cannibals, Quayle stated. They also describe Bigfoot or Sasquatch as highly intelligent creatures that can travel dimensionally (according to Quayle's military sources the creatures can communicate telepathically). The Book of Enoch writes that when giants were killed, they became disembodied spirits, which Quayle suggested are the incubus and sucubus, predatory sex demons that sometimes plague humans while they sleep.
The firstsuccessful attempts to rid the Earth of the main pest microcosm began with E. coli in Germany that the header, otherwise, can not be called as a sacrilege.
But it is not blasphemy that a man is brought to the border on Wednesday promised his promise, and he himself began to pump himself apocalyptic drugs - that end of the world in May 2011, then October 2011, then December 2012, when yet.
And all by the fact that, thanks to the man's life on earth is becoming intolerable.
And sometimes it seems blasphemous that it is - life on Earth - has found a threat to himself and begins to get rid of the evil master, who called themselves whether a reasonable person, whether the noosphere, or even how.
No matter how much say halva, will not become sweeter. How many do not call themselves reasonable, you will not become wiser.
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The number of deaths from infection with E. coli in Germany has risen to 11 people: first death recorded in the west of the country.
On Monday, it became aware of the death 91-year resident of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia, in the west of Germany. She contracted E. coli last week and died of kidney failure. Earlier cases of deaths from this infection was recorded only in the north of Germany.
Meanwhile, in Hamburg, the number of complications from an intestinal infection was reduced. According to the guidelines the University Hospital of Hamburg, on Monday in the hospital the patient with only one complication, while on Friday, the figure was 15.
Ministry of Consumer Protection calls on people in Germany to give up eating fresh vegetables, especially cucumbers, tomatoes and lettuce as long as the experts were not able to pinpoint the source of the infection.
PS The world of microbes smart, fixated on salads, go down the other side. And then to get caught in a ring that does not break.
Honey as the best anti-microbial gel Honey is the best antimicrobial gel, the best antimicrobial ointment or cream is the best anti-microbial, according Israili ZH. Not much reason to believe not.
Honey is widely used as a food and a drug at all times, in all cultures and civilizations, the same, ancient and modern.
For about 2,700 years the honey in the form of local applications is an important means of treating many diseases, but has only recently opened its antiseptic and antimicrobial properties.
Clinical trials have demonstrated that in severe infectious wounds, honey promotes their fast clearance of the infection and improves healing of tissues.
A large number of clinical studies confirmed a wide spectrum of antimicrobial (antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and antimycobacterial) actions of honey associated with its high acidity (low pH), the osmotic effect of high concentrations of sugar, existing in it bacteriostatic and bactericidal factors (hydrogen peroxide, antioxidants, lysozyme, polyphenols, phenolic acids, flavonoids, methylglyoxal, and peptides) with increased cytokine release, anti-inflammatory and immune modulating properties. Due to these factors, the antimicrobial effect of honey is multifaceted.
Despite the large number of data supporting the antimicrobial activity of honey, no studies to support its systematic use as an antibacterial agent.
Nosocomial infections (Latin nosocomium - hospital, from the Greek. Nosokomeo - to care for the sick) are among the most frequent and most severe complications in hospitalized patients. In the U.S., they are the fourth due to mortality after cardiovascular diseases, cancer and cerebrovascular diseases.
The concept of nosocomial infection is suggested by the WHO Regional Office for Europe in 1979 to identify any clinically recognizable infectious disease that developed in a patient as a result of receipt or seeking medical care in hospitals, as well as an employee of the hospital as a result of his work in it regardless of the time of onset of symptoms .
The incidence of nosocomial infections during hospital stay is about 5%, and 90% of them are in bacterial pathogens, and all the other (viral, fungal, protozoan) in the amount of only 10%. In large hospitals nosocomial infections almost two times higher than in the smaller.
With the development of nosocomial infections heavier course of the disease, increases the length of hospital stay, higher costs for his treatment and the risk of adverse outcome.
Resources pathogen nosocomial infections are divided into endogenous and exogenous. To endogenous infections caused by micro-organisms to colonize the patient's admission to the hospital, more than 80% of the total. After hospital admission flora colonizing patients quickly and becomes part of their commensal microflora, under certain conditions, causing the so-called exogenous infection.
About half of nosocomial infections associated with invasive procedures - formulation of catheters connected to an artificial lung ventilation, etc.
The likelihood of developing nosocomial infection significantly increases with a decrease in reactivity of the patient, whose determinants are age, sex, immune status, occurring diseases and their complications. Nosocomial infections are caused not only obligate, but also opportunistic pathogens commonly resistant to environmental factors, but in severe condition of the patient rapidly acquiring resistance to antimicrobial agents.
The structure of nosocomial infections in different hospitals varies and is largely determined by their profile, so the concept of universal design nosocomial infections exists.
Nosocomial urinary tract infections (MVP) in the structure of all hospital-acquired infections occupy approximately 40% and the vast majority of cases involve the use of urinary catheters and drainages.
Nosocomial respiratory infections most often manifest nosocomial pneumonia (25%), and high (70%) mortality. Nosocomial wound (surgery, burns, traumatic wounds) infection occupy up to 25% of all hospital-acquired infections. When the frequency of their wounds clean - no more than 7%, with relatively clean - up to 12%, with contaminated - 17% and dirty - 40%.
Nosocomial bloodstream infections in 75% of cases are associated with intravenous vascular systems (catheter-associated nosocomial bloodstream infections). Most often they occur in patients under the age of 1 year or more than 60 years, neutropenia, immunosuppressive therapy, a history of violations of the integrity of the skin, with severe concomitant diseases (eg, diabetes), and the presence of foci of infection. Nosocomial infections of the gastrointestinal tract (most often gastroenteritis) in most cases are enteric-oral route of infection is often passed through the hands of medical staff from patient to patient, using endoscopic equipment.
Community-acquired infections
Range of community-acquired infections, emerging out of touch with the medical institution (as opposed to hospital-acquired) is much wider - from tuberculosis to AIDS. In outpatient interest are community-acquired non-specificbacterial infections, which also affect the different systems of the body, most commonly the upper and lower respiratory tract (community-acquired pneumonia, acute sinusitis and bronchitis, exacerbation of chronic sinusitis and bronchitis, etc.), urinary tract infection (pyelonephritis, cystitis, urethritis, prostatitis, etc.), complicated and uncomplicated skin and soft tissues. Moreover, almost half of the patients can not detect pathogens.
The general approach to the treatment of nosocomial and community-acquired non-specific bacterial infections
In the treatment of nosocomial and community-acquired non-specific bacterial infections main role belongs to antibiotics. In hospitals, the frequency of administration of antibiotics varies from 20 to 50% (in the intensive care unit). On average, about one-third of these patients are treated with antibiotics, 70% of them - with the purpose of treatment, and 30% - from prevention.
In outpatient antibiotics are usually prescribed more frequently. Almost half of their appointment has not been fully substantiated, and in some cases they are appointed late, which has a well-known consequences.
With that distinguish empirical and causal treatment, in most cases, it starts as an empirical and requires the use of antibiotics (or a combination) with a broad spectrum of action active against the major infectious agents. These antibiotics are fluoroquinolones, carbapenems, cephalosporins past generations, aminoglycosides, protected penicillins and some others. Only after the results of microbiological testing, if conducted, antibiotic treatment may be adjusted.
The favorites of today are the fluoroquinolones antibiotics, which in addition to a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity are favorable pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, as well as a high degree of security and compliance of treatment. They are used in clinical practice since the early 80-ies of the last century and today is the number of modern drugs are second only to beta-lactam antibiotics. The four-generation fluoroquinolones have a broad spectrum of bactericidal activity by inhibiting essential enzymes of cells - DNA gyrase and topoisomerase-4 with a disruption of the normal biosynthesis and DNA replication microbial pathogen. This spectrum of bactericidal action of fluoroquinolones was able to expand at the expense of the synthesis and modification of the chemical structure of known compounds by fluorination and the introduction of additional substituents. So there fluoroquinolones III and IV generations.
For activity against respiratory pathogens and the ability to easily penetrate into the respiratory tract and bronchial secretion, they were called respiratory.
Notable among recent generations of fluoroquinolones levofloxacin is.
Levofloxacin - Left-handed
Levofloxacin - the ancestor of respiratory fluoroquinolones. In Japan, it has been registered since 1993 in the United States - in 1997, and therefore has considerable experience in clinical use.
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are a broad group of species that commensally inhabit the human skin, mucous membranes (S. hominis, S. epidermidis), and the vaginal tract (S. saprophyticus). Although they are less virulent than the coagulase-positive S. aureus and almost never pathogenic in healthy individuals, their persistence on hospital surfaces and devices has made them the most common source of bloodstream infections. Overlooked in the past because of their propensity to contaminate cultures, CoNS have emerged as a clinically relevant pathogen implicated in up to 30%of healthcare-associated sepsis.
This video shows inpatient CoNS resistance to levofloxacin, a newer fluoroquinolone that demonstrates higher antistaphylococcal activity than other drugs of its class (ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin) and is often active against methicillin-resistant strains.
The maps show that levofloxacin resistance was on the rise in the first half of the decade, with a particularly sharp jump from 2004 to 2005, when all divisions simultaneously crossed the 60% mark for the first time. The downward trend that followed was insufficient to compensate for the preceding gains in resistance. The trend was not uniform across regions: in the Mid-Atlantic, where levels were significantly higher, rates peaked from 55% to 82% in 2005. In western regions, rates increased more gradually and peaked later: in West South Central, the peak of 72% came in 2006, and in the Pacific states, 64% resistance was reported between 2005 and 2008. Over the period there was a significant nationwide decrease in the number of isolates CoNS (from nearly 34,000 to 9,000) affecting all divisions except New England.
The observed upward trend is contrary to the declining staphylococcal resistance seen toward other drugs like methicillin, gentamicin, and even ciprofloxacin (not shown). A potential explanation is the changing patterns of antibiotic use: fluoroquinolones have become the most commonly prescribed drug class in the United States since 2002, and levofloxacin use became particularly intensive after it was approved for high-dose treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in 2003. An ophthalmic study (quinolones are heavily used to treat ocular infections) of CoNS resistance to topical fluoroquinolones over a 15-year period suggests that although newer drugs of the class (like levofloxacin) show higher activity than older quinolones (like ciprofloxacin), they rapidly lose their effectiveness as they become common in clinical practice.
The national average resistance level for the sample was 55.5%, rising from 43.5% in 2000 to 58.7% in 2009.
The sample consists of 326,996 inpatient isolates tested for levofloxacin resistance. Data are not available from the following states: : AR (2008--2009), CO (2006--2009), GA (2007--2009), IA (2008--2009), IN (2007--2009), KY (2007--2009), MS (2007--2009), NV (2009), RI (2000--2004), SD (2005--2009), UT (2007--2009), CT, MT, NH, and WY.
Antimicrobial treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia in adults Pon the footsteps of Russian national guidelines in 2009
Allocate empirical and targeted antimicrobial treatment of nosocomial pneumonia (NP0. Most ABT begin in the empirical mode, and after the identification of the causative agent of its optimized taking into account the sensitivity to antimicrobial agents.
Identified two important conditions of treatment of patients with NP: providing timely and appropriate antimicrobial therapy and reduce waste and excessive use of antimicrobial agents.
Determining the outcome of treatment is the immediate appointment of an adequate empirical antimicrobial therapy.
In extremely severe cases ABT correction after the data sensitivity of flora due to inadequate selection of home ABT is not able to reduce mortality.
To implement the second rule of antimicrobial therapy provides a number of approaches: improving the quality of diagnosis of NP, refusal to carry out at ABT questionable diagnosis of NP and the rejection of unjustified antibiotic NP in patients on mechanical ventilation, antibiotic administrative restrictions (can reduce unnecessarily frequent use of some high-performance products) tactics de-escalation (change mode of antibiotic therapy for a wide range narrower on the results of bacteriological tests) reduction in the duration of the course of ABT based on regular monitoring of the patient's condition and results of microbiological studies.
The main criteria for the selection of adequate empirical therapy:
1) A wide range of activity against most relevant pathogens in view of the sensitivity of the local flora;
2) length of hospital stay before the occurrence of the NP (early and late);
3) risk management multiresistant pathogens.
So, at the risk of Pseudomonas infection modes of AMT should include products with pseudomonas activity, taking into account the local features of the sensitivity of P.aeruginosa; when an infection caused by staphylococcus, especially resistant to methicillin / oxacillin (MRSA),? treatment regimen is necessary to attach drugs active against resistant Gram-positive pathogens (linezolid, vancomycin).
Alternative drugs (rifampicin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin) are recommended only for documented sensitivity to the local monitoring. Preferably their combined use.
Original and generic drugs
All data on the efficacy and safety of ABT NP obtained in the study of original drugs.
Data on the relative effectiveness of original and generic drugs at the NP is not enough. Therefore, the treatment of life-threatening infections of the cost factor of the drug can not prevail over the factors of efficiency and safety.
Monotherapy and combination therapy
There are no reliable clinical evidence of the superiority of combination therapy versus monotherapy.
There are experimental data synergism beta-lactams and aminoglycosides against P.aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. Monotherapy NP beta-lactams (carbapenems, cephalosporins, penicillins, or pseudomonas) was compared to the combination therapy (beta-lactam + AH), 16 randomized clinical trials. None of them has been detected benefits of combination therapy with inclusion of hypertension before monotherapy beta-lactams.
Moreover, the use of hypertension increased the frequency of adverse drug reactions.
Therefore, routine use of combination regimens ABT unjustified.
Such combinations are suitable only when one of the possible causative agents definitely not be sensitive to the recommended treatment regimen (e.g., MRSA to beta-lactams and fluoroquinolones)? in this case it is advisable to add linezolid or vancomycin. Combinations of antibiotics are also grounded in the allocation panrezistentnyh strains of gram-negative bacteria (P.aeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp.). In patients with immunological disorders appropriate to discuss the issue of combination therapy with antifungal agents.
Antifungal therapy
Mushrooms are not usually considered as the etiological causes of the NP. Isolated lesions of the lungs, which can be conventionally regarded as fungal NP, due to Aspergillus spp. Other fungi are (Mucor spp., Rhizopus spp., Fusarium spp., Pneumocystis jiroveci, etc.) are much rarer.
Candida spp. NP caused very rarely. Lung damage is possible with hematogenous dissemination or aspiration of gastric contents.
The drug of choice for the treatment of pulmonary aspergillosis is voriconazole. After stabilization, a transition to oral, but it is always important to continue the use of voriconazole to a complete cure. With the ineffectiveness of voriconazole second-line drugs is caspofungin.
The use of amphotericin B limit the inefficiency and high toxicity and use it mostly for economic reasons.
Fluconazole is inactive against most pathogens including Aspergillus spp., Where it should not be used.
If confirmed fungal lung infection antifungal therapy is carried out to relieve persistent clinical, laboratory and instrumental signs of infection. An important condition for successful treatment is to eliminate or reduce the severity of risk factors, particularly neutropenia and the use of steroids.
The route of administration and dosage of antimicrobial
Choosing the route of administration is determined by the severity of the patient's condition, the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characteristics of drugs. In most patients beginning treatment with NP require intravenous antibiotics. In the future, the clinical efficacy of therapy and no dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract can move to the ingestion, but drugs with bioavailability (fluoroquinolones and linezolid)? the so-called sequential therapy.
Some antibacterials well into the lung tissue, achieving therapeutic concentrations (linezolid, fluoroquinolones), others (vancomycin)? bad.
The effectiveness of beta-lactam is dependent on the duration of the outbreak of infection in a concentration greater than the minimum inhibitory concentration of agent that requires frequent administration. Promising is the purpose of beta-lactams by prolonged or continuous infusion.
The effectiveness of other antibacterial drugs (fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides) depends on the concentration in the infection. Single dose correctly calculated daily doses of aminoglycosides (with proper body weight and kidney function) increases not only their performance, but also safety.
In recent years, there are also data on aerosol routes of administration, in particular aminoglycosides and polymyxin B.
Despite the theoretical advantages of the approach (with higher concentrations in the lung tissue), and anecdotal reports of efficacy against multi-drug resistant P.aeruginosa (for polymyxin), is required to obtain reliable evidence to determine whether widespread clinical use of this route of administration.
Duration of therapy
Normally the ABT TM is 14-21 days.
Considered proven ability to reduce treatment time to 7-8 days without compromising the clinical efficacy, except NPivl caused by non-fermenting microorganisms (P.aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp.), Or detection of suppurative complications (empyema, abscess formation) that require longer courses of ABT .
pneumonia symptoms in adults
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Doctor Sapkota tells his patients about symptoms of pneumonia in adults. Read more here: http://bitly.com/zapiYj.
Video transcript: Today I will be talking about how pneumonia symptoms develop in adult patients. In this video, I am not talking to my fellow health care providers but I am talking directly to you- the patient. You may be a patient concerned about symptoms or pneumonia or you may have a friend or family member who you think may have symptoms of pneumonia. This video is for you. You do not need any medical background to understand what I am going to explain. I will not be using any medical terms.###First off, let me tell you there are no universal symptoms of pneumonia that can apply to all patients. Symptoms of pneumonia depend on the specific situation of the individual patient having pneumonia. That is why instead of listing a set of symptoms just like other medical websites do, I will tell you how pneumonia symptoms develop in our body. Once you understand that, you can predict which patient may have what kind of symptoms.You have to learn a little about how we breathe to understand pneumonia. When we breathe air in, it goes down from our nose into our throat down into our air pipes. The air pipes divide and take the air down into our 2 lungs. Each lung is like a bag of small air bubbles. Each bubble is connected by small pipes and these small pipes are connected to larger pipes. Eventually the lager pipes connect to the two branches of the air pipe. When we take air in, all these bubbles expand. When we breathe the air out, these bubbles partially collapse. This is how air moves in and out of the lungs as we breathe. In these bubbles, there are blood vessels with very thin walls. They capture the oxygen in the blood and give out carbon-dioxide. Then the blood carries oxygen to all over our body. Now you understand what lungs are how how we breathe with them. Pneumonia is simply an infection of the lungs. When bugs get into the lungs, they settle down deep inside. They cause irritation of the nerves in these small air tubes. They cause inflammation or swelling of the lungs and they produce pus like gunky liquid that can fill up these delicate small air bubbles. This irritation can cause cough and pain with breathing. The swelling can cause difficulty breathing. The fluid in the bubbles can prevent the blood vessels from being able to pick up oxygen from the bubble.This can cause low levels of oxygen in the blood. These bugs can also produce toxins that can travel into the blood and cause fevers, chills, weakness and sometimes confusion. Having said that, do not think that all patients with pneumonia have all of those symptoms I just mentioned. The exact symptom in an patient depends on the unique situation. If someone has a very healthy and elastic lungs their nerves are very sensitive. They may have bad cough as soon as the bug gets there and start coughing those up. The only symptoms they may have could be cough and pain in the chest with cough. If someone has damaged and scarred lungs, the nerves may not be that sensitive and they may not have much cough to start with. They probably have the pneumonia spread to a larger area of the lungs even before they start to have any symptoms. Their symptoms may be more from swelling of lungs than from irritation. They may only have symptoms of shortness of breath. Again, in patients with years of smoking, they may have saggy big lungs. In those patients the first symptom may be from low oxygen in the blood as they do not have much lung capacity or lung reserve. This way, when you understand the basic mechanism of how pneumonia causes symptoms, you can put the unique symptoms of a patient together and see it it fits the pattern. This is the correct way to learn about pneumonia symptoms in adults. If you have any questions, leave a comment and I will talk about those in my future videos. Thanks for listening. Thank you.
Mobile phones of patients as a potential source of infection nosocomial infections Nosocomial infections - hospital infection. They emit a simple reason - they are typically more severe with a higher frequency of adverse events. The reason is clear - microbes are learned and know how to deal with the many antibiotics.
There is a problem preventing such infections. For this it is necessary to block the propagation path. And that happens to be one of the possible ways - mobile phones of patients.
http://
Turkish scientists in cross-sectional study determined the presence of bacterial colonization of the mobile phone providers and patients of hospitals and their visitors. Swabs were collected from the keys, microphones and phones themselves - only 200, including 67 employees of the hospital and 133 patients and their visitors.
The results showed that mobile phones of patients were statistically significantly more frequently contaminated with bacteria than health professionals. Moreover, 7 patients or were infected posetiteleyoni multiresistant pathogens, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiellaspp., Beta-lactamase producing a spread spectrum (ESBL), highly resistant to aminoglycosides strains Enterococcus spp. and karbapenemorezistentnye strains of Acinetobacter baumanii.
In the analysis of swabs from mobile clinic staff multiresistant pathogens were found.
Advisable to consider the mobile phones of patients as a potential source of infection nosocomial infections.
Am J Infect Control. 2011, 39 (5): 379-81.
http://
Mobile Phone Handsets belonging to hospital workers are covered in bacteria including the Superbug
MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus).New research describes how mobile phones used by healthcare workers may be a source of hospital-acquired infections.
Health & Medicine * Today's Healthcare * Infectious Diseases Plants & Animals * Bacteria * Microbes * Public Health * Industrial Relations * Mobile phone radiation and health * Transmission (medicine) * Pathogen * List of medical topics
Researchers from the Faculty of Medicine at the Ondokuz Mayis University, Turkey, tested the phones of doctors and nurses in hospital operating rooms and intensive care units. They found that almost 95% were contaminated with bacteria of different types, potentially causing infections ranging from relatively minor skin complaints to life-threatening illness. Only 10% of staff regularly cleaned their phone.
According to the authors, "Our results suggest cross-contamination of bacteria between the hands of healthcare workers and their mobile phones. These mobile phones could act as a reservoir of infection which may facilitate patient-to-patient transmission of bacteria in a hospital setting".
Their findings reveal an obvious need for active strategies to prevent contamination of mobile phones and other hand-held electronic devices: strict infection-control procedure, environmental disinfection, hand hygiene and decontamination methods are recommended.
Well, 2011 would get all this frequency of disasters since the beginning of the year. This 2011-D would get everyone.
Whatever called natural phenomenon that causes a particular cataclysm, it is easier on the knowledge becomes.
Administration http://
In South Africa, due to flooding kills 70 people
The death toll in floods in South Africa has reached 70 people. Homeless were almost 8.4 thousand people, they are temporarily placed in public buildings or tents.
The damage from the disaster to the economy of South Africa has already reached more than 50 million dollars, and the data from some provinces not yet been processed.
The heavy rains that led to flooding of settlements, there are many countries in the region. In Mozambique, floods killed ten people and more than ten thousand have been forced to flee their homes. The consequences of showers observed in Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe, but reports of a large number of casualties there have been reported yet.
It is believed that the flooding in Africa, Australia, Brazil, the Philippines and Sri Lanka, due to a natural phenomenon La Nina, where surface water temperatures in the equatorial region of the eastern Pacific is reduced by 3-5 degrees.
http://podrobnosti.ua
Hyperinflation will continue in 2011 all numbers will get bigger
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Prepare your self to the bigger number and hyperinflation in retail prices.
Our Planet could well be called Oceania, as the area occupied by water, 2.5 times the area of land. Ocean water cover almost three quarters of the globe layer thickness of about 4000 m, accounting for 97% of the hydrosphere, while the waters of land contain only 1%, and in glaciers constrained by only 2%.
Oceans, being the aggregate of all the seas and oceans of the Earth, has a huge impact on the life of the planet. The huge mass of ocean water generates the planet's climate, is a source of precipitation. From it receives more than half of the oxygen, and it also regulates the content of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, since it is able to absorb the excess. At the bottom of the ocean there is an accumulation and transformation of the great mass of mineral and organic substances, so the geological and geochemical processes occurring in the oceans and seas, have a very strong impact on the Earth's crust.
It was the cradle of the ocean of life on Earth, and now it is home to about four-fifths of all living beings of the planet.
Ocean resources
In our time, the era of global issues, the oceans plays an increasingly important role in the life of mankind. Being a huge pantry mineral, energy, plant and animal resources, which - with their rational consumption, and artificial reproduction - can be almost unlimited, Ocean is able to solve some of the most urgent challenges ahead: the need for a rapidly growing population with food and raw materials for developing industry, risk of an energy crisis, a lack of fresh water.
The main resource of the oceans - sea water. It contains the 75 chemical elements of which are important, such as uranium, potassium, bromine and magnesium. Although the main product of seawater is still salt - 33% of world production, but mined magnesium and bromine, have long patented methods for a variety of metals, including copper and essential industry and silver reserves are steadily being depleted, while in the ocean their waters contain up to half a billion tons.
In connection with the development of nuclear power, there are good prospects for the extraction of uranium and deuterium from the waters of the oceans, especially since uranium ore reserves on earth are reduced and the Ocean of his $ 10 billion tons, deuterium has practically inexhaustible - for every 5,000 ordinary hydrogen atoms have one heavy atom. In addition to the release of chemical elements sea water can be used to obtain the necessary human fresh water. Now available in many industrial desalination methods: Use chemical reaction in which impurities are removed from the water, the salt water is passed through special filters, and finally, the hands are boiling. But desalination is not the only way to get potable water.
Bottom There are sources that are more frequently found on the continental shelf, that is, in the areas of the continental shelf adjacent to the shores of the land and it has the same geological structure. One of these sources, located off the coast of France - Normandy, gives the amount of water that they call it an underground river.
Mineral resources of the oceans are not only sea water, but also the fact that under water. Bowels of the ocean and its bottom is rich in mineral deposits. Are located on the continental shelf of the coastal alluvial deposits - gold, platinum, and precious stones are found - rubies, diamonds, sapphires, emeralds. For example, near the Namibian diamond design are underwater gravel since 1962. On the shelf and continental slope partially Ocean has large deposits of phosphate, which can be used as fertilizer, and the reserves will last for the next few hundred years.
His most interesting type of minerals oceans - is the famous iron-manganese concretions, which are covered by vast plains of the area underwater. The nodules are a kind of a cocktail of Metals: there include copper, cobalt, nickel, titanium, vanadium, but, of course, most of iron and manganese. Their locations are well known, but the results of industrial development is still very modest. But the full swing of ocean exploration and production of oil and gas in the coastal shelf, the share of offshore production is approaching one third of world production of these fuels.
In a large scale is the development of oil fields in the Persian, Venezuela, the Gulf of Mexico, the North Sea, oil platforms off the California coast stretch, Indonesia, in the Mediterranean and Caspian seas. The Gulf of Mexico also known open during oil exploration mine sulfur, which drips out from the bottom with hot water. Another, as yet unspoiled ocean pantry are deep crevices, where it forms a new bottom. For example, the hot (60 ° C) and heavy brines Red sea basin contain huge reserves of silver, tin, copper, iron and other metals.
More and more important mining takes materials in shallow water. Around Japan, for example, is sucked through the pipes underwater iron sands, the country produces from offshore mines about 20% of coal - over deposits of rock construct an artificial island and a drill stem, chiseling coal seams.
Many natural processes occurring in the oceans - the movement, temperature of water - are inexhaustible energy resources. For example, the total power of the ocean tidal energy is estimated from 1 to 6,000,000,000 kWh. This property tides already used in France in the Middle Ages: the XII century mills were built, the wheels are set in motion a tidal wave.
Today in France, there are modern power stations using the same principle: the rotation of turbines at high tide occurs in one direction, and at low tide - in another.
11. The Living Planet - The Open Ocean
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This programme concentrates on the marine environment. Attenborough goes underwater himself to observe the ocean's life forms and comment on them at first hand. He states that those that live on the sea bed are even more varied than land inhabitants. Much sea life is microscopic, and such creatures make up part of the marine plankton. Some animals are filter feeders and examples include the manta ray, the basking shark and the largest, the whale shark. Bony fish with their swim bladders and manoeuvrable fins dominate the seas, and the tuna is hailed as the fastest hunter, but the superiority of these types of fish did not go unchallenged: mammals are also an important component of ocean life. Killer Whales, dolphins, narwhals and Humpback Whales are shown, as well as a school of beluga whales, which congregate annually in a bay in the Canadian Arctic — for reasons unknown. Marine habitats can be just as diverse as those on dry land. Attenborough surmises that the coral reef, with its richness of life, is the water equivalent of the jungle. Where the breezes of the Gulf Stream meet those of the Arctic, the resulting currents churn up nutrients, which lead to vegetation, the fish that eat it, and others that eat them. Attenborough remarks that it is man who has been most responsible for changing ocean environments by fishing relentlessly, but in doing so has also created new ones for himself — and this leads to the final episode.
Hellish conditions for life on Earth will be established in 30 years Hellish conditions for life on Earth will be set in about 30 years, sounds in the published forecasts by international teams of scientists from the Universities of Pittsburgh, Madrid and Potsdam.
Scientists consider two scenarios.
According to the first number of extreme weather events, including the so-called heat waves will increase until 2040 and they will cover 3% of the surface of the Earth, then global changes subside, but it will be very very hot.
On the second climate will change before the end of the century, and by 2100 in the area of extreme events will be 85% of the total land area of the planet.
In any case, scientists predict more frequent heat waves, which are understood vast mass of hot air that resists the winds and cyclones, staying in one area for a few weeks. Clouds in such a wave is not, so every day the sun heats it more and more.
People on these processes can not influence in any way.
Scientists do not see the reason in the emissions of greenhouse gases, but the long-term global climatic variations caused by changes in solar luminosity, the processes inside the Earth's core and other phenomena to which man has no effect.
Dizreguliruyuschieinfluence of climatic factors and the ability to withstand them, ME Malyarenko, AT Bulls, TN Malyarenko, MV Shmaliy,
AA Kornienko, AV Matyukhov
FSI Central Clinical sanatorium. Dzerzhinsky, Sochi
Sochi State University for Tourism and Recreation, Russia
Analysis of the literature in recent years with regard to the increasing deterioration of climatic conditions has demonstrated the need to move away from traditional approaches in the prevention of conditions caused by them to the system integrative activities to improve the sustainability of the human body to changes in the environment. In particular, it should enhance the adaptive capacity of the organism through the optimization of the main indicators of quality of health - sleep, physical activity, nutrition, Endoecology.
Keywords: climate, health.
Climatic factors, while a certain extent, have the ability to restore the broken body functions. However, weather and climatic conditions can go beyond that and wear for the body system damaging nature. In recent decades, this trend is increasing, and the importance of the designated problem is growing.
The influence of the temperature factor.
The temperature factor, which is an important component of the climate is undergoing in recent decades, the most pronounced changes. According to NASA, the surface of the Earth over the past 100 years, warmed by more than 0,8 ° C, of which the last 30 years - 0,6 ° C, ie, warming of the Earth's surface is the acceleration [19]. With a warming associated heavy, often extreme, weather conditions. One reason is the increasing warming that is currently in the atmosphere three times more carbon dioxide than is able to absorb nature.
According to the forecasts for the XXI century, the temperature of the Earth's surface due to the accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere will increase by 1,1-6,4 ° C. Ill-conceived human activities - burning in huge volumes of fuel, thus releasing CO2, and the annual forest fires and peat fires, the melting of glaciers and the decrease as a result of the reflectivity of the Earth lead to a delay of heat in the atmosphere. The causes of global warming have begun to attribute the destruction of important cooling of the Earth - wetlands, forests and a dramatic reduction in the increase of deserts, increasing ocean temperatures, volcanic activity and other factors of a natural origin. Thus, an excess of CO2 leads to the greenhouse effect and warming, and warming - to the excess CO2. Since carbon dioxide is stored for a long time in the atmosphere, further warming over time is inevitable, even if urgent measures are taken to mitigate human impacts. [15]
In Russia in the last 100 years, the most pronounced increase in mean annual temperature (3.5? C) occurred in Eastern Siberia, the Amur and Primorye. By the middle of the twenty-first century is expected to significantly increase the average annual air temperature for 3-4?
C in Western Siberia, the 2-3? C - in the north-east of European Russia, Yakutia and along the Arctic coast. [3]
Joint research of Russian and Japanese scientists have shown that the temperature of the permafrost in Russia is growing steadily. Thus, in the period from 2004 to 2006, the temperature in the three-meter layer of permafrost depth changed from minus 2.8? C to -1.5? C (warming was 1.3? C!).
It is predicted that thawing permafrost will release huge amounts of methane, which is twenty times greater than carbon dioxide in their ability to create a greenhouse effect. If we take into account that the area of permafrost in Russia is about 65% of its territory, the consequences can be catastrophic warming. [7]
The unusually hot weather, especially in the case of the temperate regions, leading to an increase in morbidity and deaths, as the population of these regions are often perplexed to sudden changes in weather conditions. For example, in Toronto for 50 years in the afternoons with the dependence of mortality on the weather. Mortality rate reached the highest values in July and August with the largest number of very hot days, the risk of death was higher, the longer the heat episodes. Found that the physiological response of the human body in hyperthermia significantly dependent on factors such as humidity. Under the conditions of low humidity, the leading response, leading-ing to the improvement of the functional condition of the person is the intensification of sweating, in conditions of high humidity that does not happen, and the only physiological mechanism of protection remains the reduction of endogenous heat production to the redistribution of blood flow to the more intense heat removal from the CNS.
At the level of the biochemical processes of protective mechanisms may be associated with neutralization resulting in hyperthermia endotoxic metabolites (lipid peroxides, free radicals, ammonia, etc.) and the stabilization of cellular and subcellular membranes, primarily mitochondrial. Of particular concern are in poor heat transfer combined effect on the body heat, high humidity, long and intense muscular stress. Even in well-trained athletes, marathon runners at the finish may occur catastrophic disturbances in the body.
Extreme weather changes and fatal heat waves lead to a variety of consequences: a prolonged drought, brining farmland and drinking water, the spread of infectious diseases, not only in human populations, but also among animals. All this, of course, affect the human food resources.
If, however, until recently, many scientists, especially climate scientists, the warming anthropogenic factors are considered, at the present time, this process is often associated with solar activity.
As you know, the city is now the dominant human habitat with the ever-increasing pressure from exogenous to its population. Tall buildings affect the influx of solar radiation, air circulation and convection completely different than the fields and forests. Concrete of city streets and buildings conducts heat about three times faster than the soil. Therefore the city absorbs more heat and makes it faster than the sparsely populated countryside. In addition, tall buildings act as vetrolomy: the normal circulation of air is broken, it is enhanced turbulent mixing.
Many city buildings themselves are a source of heat to the atmosphere (mostly heat absorbed by buildings during the period of the arrival of high solar radiation, or when the evening begins radiative cooling). In urban air contains many contaminants that are not found in the suburbs and rural areas. Solid particles are to some extent reflect the sun's rays and thus affect the influx of solar radiation in the city. However, this does not compensate for the reflection of the effect of other reasons listed above, causing the accumulation of heat in the central part of the city.
Furthermore, these impurities interfere with the normal heat transfer of the atmosphere.
In terrestrial weather problemsblame the industrial revolution in terrestrial weather problems blame the industrial revolution, the other, apparently, is not given. In the industrial revolution is, however, the author, the name of that man.
The growth of air pollution as a result of the industrial revolution looks good solution to an old puzzle glaciological. Soot from the chimneys spread rapidly across Europe factories and locomotives - that's what made the Alpine glaciers retreat long before man-made global warming.
Massif of Monte Rosa (photo imagebroker / Alamy.)
4 thousand large and small alpine glaciers, which are now under threat of extinction due to the increasing temperature of the air felt fine during the five centuries of relatively cool period, which started at the end of XIII century and called the Little Ice. Maximum length and thickness of the ice, they reached the middle of the XIX century and at least twice its current size.
Then suddenly the glaciers began to retreat. Scientists have suggested that in other parts of the world it was the same (in fact, documented only the melting of glaciers in the Alps), and agreed to assume that the Little Ice Age ended soon after 1850.
However, despite the reduction of glaciers, the average global temperature began to increase significantly until the end of the century. Moreover, the alpine climate summaries (one of the most detailed and accurate in the world) suggests that the glaciers were to grow more than half a century, that is, until about 1910.
Glaciers are tormented something recorded by meteorologists - says a new study co-author George Kazer of the University of Innsbruck (Austria). - Some people think that the reason for the sharp decrease in winter precipitation, but this time the snow remained on the same level.
Two years ago, at a seminar in glaciological the Pontifical Academy of Sciences (Vatican) Mr. Kazer discussed the mystery with Thomas Painter of the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, which studied the effects of atmospheric particles (aerosols) on climate. Could the soot formed by burning fossil fuels, to become the very elusive cause untimely melting of alpine glaciers?
New friends immediately began to investigate.
The darker the surface, the more it absorbs heat. If the snow and ice will settle certain amount of soot, melting accelerates. Historical documents indicate that by the middle of the last century air of some Alpine valleys has become very dirty.
Housewives Innsbruck longer to dry clothes on the street - emphasizes Mr. Kazer.
Apparently, the scientists who rejected the idea that blacks were enough to start melting glaciers were wrong. Group Mr. Kazera studied ice cores extracted in two places in the west of the Alps: Glacier in the saddle of Colle Gnifetti (4455 m above sea level), which is in the mountain massif of Monte Rosa, near the Swiss-Italian border, and on the glacier Fiescherhorn ( 3900 m) in the Bernese Alps.
It turned out that about 1860 in the layers of ice appears strikingly a lot of soot.
The researchers calculated the energy impact of soot on glaciers and transformed it into an equivalent temperature. In a simplified computer model of the mass balance of the actually observed increased air temperature obtained degrees, and soot perfectly explained alpine retreat!
With modeling, of course, be more work, but even in such a hypothesis is elegant and persuasive - says glaciologist Andreas Fili from the University of Zurich (Switzerland). - It seems that in Central Europe soot prematurely stopped the Little Ice Age.
Only about 1970, when the air quality has improved, the warming has accelerated and become a major factor in the retreat of alpine glaciers, says Mr. Kazer. If the glaciers continue to melt at a rate noted in the last 30 years, there is a danger that almost all of them will disappear by the end of the century.
in the wake of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Nature News, compulenta.computerra.ru
Full Moon September 19, 2013 That's approaching fullmoonSeptember 19, 2013.
On it, with its completion, we put forward to change the weather for the best, because as long as the Northern Hemisphere only floods and flooding risk, from Colorado USA, Russian and Ukrainian Vesey, to Japan, and others like her Pacific countries.
Global warming raises ocean of air in all the large volumes of water and it starts to build the weather, or rather, bad weather, returning to solid earth ground, with downpours, typhoons and other disasters.
Meanwhile essence of the case, the social and the individual meteozavisimost will manifest itself more and more noticeable. Meteopatov already beginning to exasperate weakness, fatigue, low mood, anxiety, increased anxiety, insomnia, aggressiveness.
And yet ...
Early autumn. It's time outstanding.
Time does not engage in self-flagellation, but keep yourself, your physical and mental health, they are worth it.
Do not overload either physically or mentally, and certainly not pass on any occasion or without it.
Moderation in all things, food, first of all, the most important condition to not only easier on the full moon, but in life itself.
Full Moon Rise 19 september 2013
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Full Moon Rise video shot by canon 7D with 70-200mm 2.8 added to it canon EF 2x and Kenko 3x extenders (result 1200mm equivalent 1920mm on crop sensor which makes focus a big problem) - ISO 2000 - shutter 30 and f/16 - shot from our roof in Beirut-Lebanon - video speed is increased original video time 4:45 min - Music: Liquid Moon from the movie The Insider
It is a human activity is the main cause of atmospheric changes of recent decades, it is the human activity is the main cause of atmospheric changes of recent decades, and while politicians are prepared to criticize the upcoming report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the scientific community continues to forge new research.
The eruption of Mount Pinatubo, photographed with a U.S. Air Force base, Clark, June 12, 1991. It is the only natural phenomenon that has had a significant impact on the Earth's atmosphere from 1979 to 2005. (Photo by USGS.)
KL as something already written about the attempts to make the climate models as accurately reflect the processes that control the climate. A new article shows how such models help to understand Thuabout is really going on with the planet. In this sense, climate models are no different from astrophysical models and plate tectonics: they all describe processes that can not be reproduced in the laboratory, but for which some of the data collected.
In our case, the set of factors (from stochastic processes to the cycle of currents in the ocean) creates a short-term variability of the climate system, which is worth considering as noise. With respect to these factors superposition are called signals - significant changes which lead to long-term changes of climate. They are often referred to as climatic factors (forcings), because they are introducing a new climate equilibrium.
Decades of research have allowed to identify such climate-forming factors such as variations in solar activity, volcanic eruptions and changes in the concentration of greenhouse gases. Studi attribute just once more consider these factors in an attempt to determine which of them caused the recent changes in the climate system.
Attribution is possible, because climatic factors affect the atmosphere distinct ways (as an English-speaking scientists like to say, they leave fingerprints», fingerprints). For example, the depletion of ozone in the stratosphere cools, for ozone - a greenhouse gas, that is, one that traps heat. Conversely, strong volcanic eruptions emit large amounts of material, and some of the particles absorb sunlight, which leads to heating of the stratosphere.
But volcanoes are not only compensate for the loss of ozone: other particles of volcanic materials reflect light, not allowing it to penetrate into the lower atmosphere (troposphere), thereby cooling them. Thus it is possible to attribute (attribute) the observed changes in various climatic factors.
The authors of the new study compared the satellite data that provide a three-dimensional picture of the atmosphere, with detailed and general information about temperature. The results were compared with the testimony of several climate models, which run with different initial conditions, as when climatic factors were only solar activity, volcanoes, or just all kinds of human impact (greenhouse gases, aerosols, ozone depletion). Also carried out simulations with the only natural and anthropogenic impacts only, and then both.
Tracing a large portion of the trend of satellite data (from January 1979 to December 2005), the researchers were able to show that solar activity has not had nearly no effect on the climate (and this is logical, because in a given period of solar activity have not changed). For isklyucheniemPinatubo, there were no violent eruptions. And the bottom line natural effect was minimal: a very slight cooling of the stratosphere outside the poles and as a weak warming in the lower atmosphere.
This result is very hard to reconcile with the satellite data, which indicate strong cooling of the stratosphere, reaching even the upper troposphere. On the contrary, in the lower troposphere have warmed, especially closer to the North Pole, while the air over Antarctica has warmed slightly.
And much better, perfectly combined observations from the testimony of models in which human-induced climate-factors were the only ones. They talk about the strong cooling of the stratosphere over both poles and weaker cold weather in other parts of it, as well as a warming in the lower atmosphere, and the temperature in the Arctic has increased particularly strongly. When you combine the natural and anthropogenic impacts coincidence with the satellite data was even clearer.
Hence, the authors conclude that it is human activity is the main cause of atmospheric changes of recent decades.
Of course, the match is not perfect. Models underestimate the cooling of the stratosphere and overestimate the warming in the lower atmosphere. Furthermore, unlike the model observed data indicate a strong warming in the Arctic.
There is a question about the extent of human influence on the atmosphere. Statistical calculations indicate that it is high. But the authors go even further, introducing to quantify noise (short-term climate variability) and showing that (except for a short period in the eruption of Mount Pinatubo) the signal of anthropogenic influence rises above the noise of natural variability.
The authors believe that the results obtained are reliable, despite all the uncertainties inherent in the models and the observations.
In short, nothing new, just made a careful analysis of what has been analyzed many times. Nevertheless, it is a good reminder that, as a result of which the IPCC staff come to their conclusions.
in the wake of PNAS, Ars Technica, compulenta.computerra.ru
The Breathing Earth
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Earth, our home planet, is a beautiful blue and white ball when seen from space. The third planet from the Sun, it is the largest of the inner planets. Earth is the only planet known to support life and to have liquid water at the surface.
Warm near the equator and cold at the poles, our planet is able to support a variety of ecosystems because of its diverse climates. Earth's climates have changed incredibly during its 4.6 billion year history. Today, climates are warming more rapidly as natural processes are affected by modern global changes caused by humans.
Earth's climate is warming. It is almost certain that human activities are causing our planet to warm. According to Climate Change 2007, the forth report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), there is about a 9 out of 10 chance of this. The human activities that are causing global warming include burning fossil fuels, changes in land use, and agriculture. Burning fossil fuels like oil, gas, and coal is releasing greenhouses gases into the atmosphere. Land use changes are decreasing the amount of plants that take greenhouse gases out of the atmosphere. And agriculture is releasing greenhouse gases like methane and nitrous oxide.
This is causing air and oceans to warm. Snow and ice in Earth's polar regions melts. Sea level rises because of warmer oceans and the added water from melting glaciers and snow. Many effects of global warming have been seen over the past few decades. Arctic temperatures have risen at twice the rate of the global average in the past century. The amount of precipitation in different regions of the world has changed, and so have aspects of extreme weather events such as droughts, heat waves, and the intensity of hurricanes and typhoons.
According to computer models, whose results were summarized in the IPCC report, more global warming is in our future. For the next two decades global warming of about 0.2° Celsius is projected. If we continue to emit as many, or more, greenhouse gases, this will cause more warming during the 21st century than we saw in the 20th century. During the 20th century Earth's average temperature rose 0.6° Celsius. During the 21st century, various computer models predict that Earth's average temperature will rise between 1.8 and 4.0° Celsius.
The human impact on climateprovenhuman impact on the climate proved at the plenary session of the Working Group I of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which adopted the final version of the first part of the Fifth Assessment Report.
The man left footprints all over the place. (Infographics Skeptical Science.)
In the center of attention - the assertion that the IPCC is 95% sure of the nature of anthropogenic climate changes observed in the last 60 years. In the previous report, released in 2007, seems to be figured 90%. In fact this is not true.
To be totally accurate, then said the following: The greater part of the observed changes in global average temperature since the mid XX century is very likely (very likely), associated with the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations.
But the current wording, compare: It is highly likely (extremely likely), that the human influence on climate has caused more than half of the observed increase in global average surface temperature in the years 1951-2010.
See the difference? The 2007 report has focused on greenhouse gas emissions, and is now extended to all forms of human impact on the climate, including the cooling effect of aerosols (substances not only pollute the air but also scatter sunlight). Last compensates for about a third of warming caused by greenhouse gases.
But even with the cooling effects of human activities still remains the main source of global warming observed for six decades.
The annual average temperature change (thin light red line) and the 11-year average (thick dark red line), according to NASA GISS. Total annual surface solar irradiance (thin blue line) and the 11-year average (thick blue line), according to Krivova et al. (1880 to 1978) and PMOD (1979 to 2009).
What is the main cause of global warming? Anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, the warming observed since 1951 can be attributed to various natural and anthropogenic factors and their contribution difficult to assess. Contribution of greenhouse gases in the near-surface average world warming, probably located in the area 0,5-1,3 ° C, and the other human climatic factors, including aerosol effect - ranging from 0.6 to 0,1 ° C .
And that is not the cause of global warming? Natural external factors (for example, solar activity) and natural internal factors (such as cyclical processes in the oceans): The contribution of natural climate forcing is likely to be in the range of -0.1 to 0,1 ° C; internal variability - from 0.1 to 0,1 ° C ».
In general, over the past 60 years, global average near-surface warming was about 0,6 ° C. According to the best estimate of the IPCC, greenhouse gases have increased the temperature by about 0,9 ° C, and produced by us aerosols cool the planet somewhere at 0,3 ° C. During this period, natural external factors did not have little or no effect on global temperature. For example, solar activity since 1950 has not shown anything remarkable.
As to the natural internal variability of the climate system of the Earth, the short-term noise in the long term be reduced to zero. Warm and cold periods in the life of the ocean offset each other so that the long-term impact on global average temperature, they also do not have.
So, with 95 percent certainty the IPCC claims that the person responsible for greater rigor is often observed in 1951 near-surface warming. The most likely estimate is that we - the cause of 100% of warming.
United Nations Report Does Not Answer Pause In warming
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An enormous U.N. report on the scientific data behind global warming was made available Monday, yet it offers little concrete explanation for an earthly oddity: the planet's climate has hit the pause button.
Since 1998, there has been no significant increase in global average surface temperature, and some areas -- notably the Northern Hemisphere -- have actually cooled. The 2,200-page new Technical Report attributes that to a combination of several factors, including natural variability, reduced heating from the sun and the ocean acting like a "heat sink" to suck up extra warmth in the atmosphere.
One problem with that conclusion, according to some climate scientists, is that the U.N.'s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has limited the hiatus to 10-15 years. Anastasios Tsonis, distinguished professor at the University of Wisconsin -- Milwaukee, believes the pause will last much longer than that. He points to repeated periods of warming and cooling in the 20th century. 'I know that the models are not adequate ... they don't agree with reality.'
- Anastasios Tsonis, distinguished professor at the University of Wisconsin -- Milwaukee
"Each one of those regimes lasts about 30 years ... I would assume something like another 15 years of leveling off or cooling," he told Fox News.
That goes well beyond the window the IPCC has acknowledged, which Tsonis and other scientists believe will significantly change the predictions for temperature rise over the next century.
"I know that the models are not adequate," Tsonis told Fox News. "There are a lot of climate models out there. They don't agree with each other -- and they don't agree with reality."
In fact, the IPCC's massive, complex new report acknowledges that none of the models predicted the hiatus. The authors write that it could be due to climate models over-predicting the response to increasing greenhouse gases, or a failure to account for water vapor in the upper atmosphere.
The bottom line -- no one saw it coming.
"Almost all historical simulations do not reproduce the observed recent warming hiatus," the report states.
Tsonis was pleased that the IPCC acknowledged that natural variability may have played a part in the stall in upward temperature trends. But he said the report's authors totally ignored groundbreaking research he presented six and four years ago that fully explained such "pauses." He attributes them to an intricate interaction of oceanic and atmospheric modes which either warm or cool the planet on a time scale of decades.
Judith Curry, chair of the School of Earth And Atmospheric Sciences at Georgia Tech, says the IPCC is taking a huge credibility hit over the hiatus -- and its pronouncement that it is 95 percent certain that human activity is responsible for most global warming.
"I'm not happy with the IPCC," she told Fox News. "I think it has torqued the science in an unfortunate direction."
That torquing, she suggests, is because the money in climate science (the funding, that is) is tied to embellishing the IPCC narrative, especially the impacts of global warming. She is critical of the IPCC's leadership as well, in particular its chairman, Rajendra Pachauri.
"They have explicit policy agendas," Curry told Fox News. "Their proclamations are very alarmist and very imperative as to what we should be doing. And this does not inspire confidence in the final product."
Other scientists argue passionately against such talk.
Penn State's Michael Mann -- who authored the famous "hockey stick" graph showing a stunning rise in temperatures in the late 20th century -- believes this latest IPCC report only confirms what he has been arguing for years. That the Earth is warming, and humans are to blame.
"We cannot explain the warming through natural causes," he told Fox News. "It can only be explained by the increased greenhouse gas concentrations from human fossil fuel burning."
Mann goes so far as to say that if you remove the "noise" from the recent pause in temperature rise, human activity is to blame for 100 percent of the global warming.
Tsonis strongly disagrees. He acknowledges that human activity is likely having an impact on climate, but adds "Nobody has ever proven for 100 percent that the long-term warming is man-made. In my educated guess I will think something like less than 30 percent."
Judith Curry believes the approach the IPCC takes to climate change is fundamentally flawed. Consensus-seeking, she says, introduces bias into the science.
"They don't challenge it and say, well, how might this be wrong?" she told Fox News. "What are all the different reasons or ways this could be wrong? And once you start looking at it that way, you come up with a lot of different answers."
The melting of Arctic sea ice and permafrost is dangerous for mankind Melting Arctic ice and permafrost is dangerous for mankind.
Climate warming in the Arctic will result in changes for the entire planet, including catastrophic.
High North is rapidly melting permafrost, lakes form, with their bubbles float to the bottom of methane.
Some Siberian lakes area since 2006 has increased by five times.
As for the Arctic Ocean, an area of ice in the summer, is sharply reduced, and estprognozy that by 2030 the ocean for the summer will be ice-free in its entirety.
On the global implications of the changes say little. But if the direction of currents in the oceans will change in Asia could disrupt the monsoon schedule that affect agriculture, and nearly 2 billion people can stay without food.
Emissions of methane from thawing subsoil can unwind uncontrollably flywheel global warming.
Today in the permafrost zone is a quarter of the total land area of the Northern Hemisphere. Here and there, and it stretches under the ocean floor. Because of its melting already collapsing buildings and tear ducts, but the most dangerous - is the presence in its deposits of organic carbon in the form of frozen remains of animals and plants.
Scientists studying the carbon cycle, believe that the bacteria that devour all organic matter in melting permafrost layer will generate heat and thus accelerate the melting depth.
In Siberia, the carbon will be emitted into the atmosphere mainly in the form of methane, a powerful greenhouse effect causes.
The land falls, there are more thermal karst lakes. As a result of the deep layers of the permafrost may not disappear after 500, as previously thought, but after 100 years, scientists have explained to the publication.
Meanwhile, in the Arctic, there are other natural sources of methane. The sediments in shallow water, and in a warming emissions are also accelerating. As a result, even if anthropogenic emissions of gases has stopped warming unstoppable, emphasizes the publication.
Melting ice in the Arctic is also dangerous because the salinity of the Arctic Ocean is falling.
Meanwhile, the river - again due to warming - into the ocean 10% more fresh water than a half-century ago. The result can be broken mechanism known as the conveyor of currents in the oceans - the thermohaline convection. A flow speed is reduced, and in colder northern Europe, and in Asia, it is possible to cease the monsoons - the main source of water for the region, which provide food every third person on the planet.
How likely is such a scenario, it is not clear, but ignore this option is dangerous. Warming in the Arctic should worry not only polar bears, the author concludes.
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ARCTIC ICE MELTING PERMAFROST CHEMTRAILS HAARP !!! DESTRUCTION OF EARTH
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The Mother's words to the daughter about how priests with lawful faculties of absolution, no matter what kind of sinners they themselves are, are able to absolve from sins; the same applies to the sacrament of the Eucharist. SAINT BRIDGET PATRON SAINT OF EUROPE BOOK 4 Chapter 41
The Mother speaks: "Go to him who has the faculty of absolution. No matter how leprous the doorkeeper is, he can still open the door as well as a healthy man, provided he has the keys. It is the same with absolution and the sacrament of the altar. No matter who the minister is, provided he has a lawful faculty of absolution, he can absolve from sins. Therefore, no priest is to be rejected.
However, I would forewarn you about two things. The first is that he will not get what he so longs for in the flesh. The other is that his life will soon be cut short. Just as an ant that carries its load of grain day and night sometimes falls down and dies right when it gets close to the nest, and the grain remains outside it, so too, right when this man has begun to reach the goal of his efforts, he will die and be punished, and his empty efforts will come to naught."
Earth is under the supervision of extraterrestrial civilizations, and mankind has not developed such a technique to detect the device space alien origin. This conclusion rishli scientists from the University of Edinburgh, after a series of mathematical calculations. 
Honey is the best antimicrobial gel, the best antimicrobial ointment or cream is the best anti-microbial, according Israili ZH. Not much reason to believe not.
Hellish conditions for life on Earth will be set in about 30 years, sounds in the published forecasts by international teams of scientists from the Universities of Pittsburgh, Madrid and Potsdam.
That's approaching full moon September 19, 2013.
The annual average temperature change (thin light red line) and the 11-year average (thick dark red line), according to NASA GISS. Total annual surface solar irradiance (thin blue line) and the 11-year average (thick blue line), according to Krivova et al. (1880 to 1978) and PMOD (1979 to 2009).